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Body Logistics ESA 1 > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Label a cross section of the trachea and primary bronchi (insert image)

A

Layer order:

  • Epithelial layer (Mucosa)
  • Connective tissue layer (submucosa)
  • Seromucus Glands (also part of submucosa)
  • Perichondrium (Part of the C-Shaped Hyaline cartilage)
  • Chrondrogenic layer (Part of the C-Shaped Hyaline cartilage)
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2
Q

Name the layers contained within the trachea and primary bronchi

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • C-shaped Hyaline cartilage
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3
Q

Describe the mucosa

A
  • The epithelial layer is several cells deep and the surface is covered in cilia (moves debris, dust, bacteria, etc. towards mouth)
  • The lamina propria is very thin, no longitudinal muscularis mucosa layer
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4
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

The connective tissue layer contains mainly collagen and elastin fibres and many fibroblasts. Also contains seromucous glands that produce a watery mucus that thickens during infection

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5
Q

Describe the C-shaped hyaline cartilage

A
  • Can be palpated externally and is made of two layers:
    • perichondrium that has fibroblasts that lay down collagen fibres
    • chrondrogenic layer, from which cartilage is formed.
    The cells present (perichondrium) can interconvert from chrondroblasts to chondrocytes and so can make both hyaline and elastic cartilage
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6
Q

What is absent in smooth muscle?

A

An outer layer

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7
Q

Where in the trachea and bronchi do secretions come from?

A
  • The epithelium
  • The submucosal glands
    of the trachea and bronchi
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8
Q

What do secretions from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi contain?

A
  • Mucins (proteins) and water - make sticky mucus
  • Serum proteins - lubricates the surfaces
  • Lysozyme - destroys bacteria
  • Anti-proteases - inactivate bacterial enzymes
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9
Q

Label this diagram (purple screenshot)

A
  • Epithelium
  • Glands
  • Duct going out to the surface
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10
Q

What does mucus do? What does mucus work with to do this? What is this mechanism known as?

A

Together with ‘a cilia wave’ mucus moves materials to the oral cavity where the material can be swallowed: – known as ‘mucociliary escalator’

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11
Q

What ‘extra help’ is found in the mucociliary escalator in the trachea that is not in the bronchi?

A
  • The epithelial layer has goblet cells which also make mucus (about 5/6 for every 10 cells you find in the epithelium)
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12
Q

How do goblet cells (in the trachea) show up on a microscope?

A
  • As a clear area
  • Because the mucopolysaccharide is mainly sugar and in H and E, sugars do not show up
  • Also because there is bit of lipid in them and lipid gets stripped out during H and E preparation
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13
Q

What do the goblet cells not have?

A

They do not have Cilia on their surface

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14
Q

Describe 3 features of the mucociliary escalator in the trachea

A

• Tracheal mucosa: approx. 250 cilia/cell

• You can identify that Cilla is present due to Ciliary basal bodies
which is the thin line (provides the energy for the cilia to beat)

• Cilia beat at 12 Hz (12 beats per second) and as they do that they move a viscoelastic mucus blanket (5μm deep) back up into the oral cavity, where he contents can be swallowed or spit out into a handkerchief

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15
Q

What does the viscoelastic mucous blanket do?

A
  • Immob irises particles and lubricates their passage to the oral cavity, where they are swallowed
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16
Q

What secretes the viscoelastic mucous blanket?

A

The goblet cells

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17
Q

What extra features are contained within the mucociliary escalator in the trachea

A
  • Unusually thick basement membrane
  • A lamina propria rich in immune cells (to ensure you don’t get any pathogens coming through) and a layer of elastic fibres
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18
Q

Label the mucociliary escalator in the trachea

A
  • Goblet cell
  • Ciliated cell
  • Basement membrane
  • Lamina propria
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19
Q

How does the histology of the secondary and tertiary bronchi compare to that of the primary?

A

Histology similar to primary bronchi except that the cartilage is no longer present as full circle of rings - you instead get a crescent ring of cartilage

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20
Q

Describe the structure of secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

• Epithelium (E) pseudostratified and ciliated
• Bounded by smooth muscle (M)
• Supported by seromucous glands in the
submucosa (G)
• Airway kept open with crescent shaped cartilage

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21
Q

Label this diagram of secondary and tertiary bronchi

A
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22
Q

What is not contained in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

No layer of smooth muscle

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the alveolus

A
  • Capillaries lined with flattened specialised epithelial cells (endothelium)
  • Folds in the basal lamina allow for expansion of the air sacs when air is drawn into the lungs
  • The connective tissue ‘muscle’ layers in this mucosa are created by the collagen and elastin fibres
24
Q

Label this image of the respiratory pathway

A
25
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

Membranes that line certain internal tubes which open to the exterior

26
Q

Give 3 examples of what mucous membranes line

A

• the gastrointestinal tract
• the respiratory tract
• the urinary tract
(these mucosae bear mucus-secreting cells to varying degrees)

27
Q

Describe what a mucous membrane consists of

A
  • an epithelium lining the lumen of a tube (type depends on site)
  • an adjacent layer of connective tissue often referred to as the lamina propria (literally ‘one’s own layer ’)
  • a third layer consisting of smooth muscle cells, referred to as the muscularis mucosae
  • (also carries blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves)
28
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

SEROUS MEMBRANES are thin, two-part membranes which line certain closed body cavities (spaces which do not open to the exterior) and envelop the viscera

29
Q

Give 3 Examples of what serous membranes line

A
  • the peritoneum……which envelops many abdominal organs.
  • the pleural sacs……..which envelop the lungs.
  • the pericardial sac…..which envelops the heart.
30
Q

What do serous membranes exude?

A

These serous membranes (or serosae) exude a lubricating fluid that promotes relatively friction-free movement of the structures they surround

31
Q

Describe what a serous membrane consists of

A

• a simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) that exudes the
watery lubricating fluid

• a thin layer of connective tissue that attaches the epithelium to
adjacent tissues

• (also carries blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves)

32
Q

Name 6 specialised cell surfaces

A
  • Keratin
  • Cilla
  • Goblet cells
  • Club cells
  • Microfold cells
  • Stereocilia
33
Q

Describe the specialisations of the following cells:

  • Keratin
  • Cilla
  • Goblet cells
  • Club cells
  • Microfold cells
  • Stereocilia
A
  • Keratin – prevents water loss and protects against abrasion
  • Cilia – controls micro-movement of luminal contents
  • Goblet cells – mucus secretions, moistens and lubricates
  • Club cells – (previously known as Clara cells) protect bronchioles and acts as stem cells for respiratory epithelium
  • Microfold cells – allows rapid sampling of gut microflora
  • Stereocilia – in the auditory system coverts pressure waves into electrical signals
34
Q

Describe the structure of Goblet cells

A
  • Goblet cells lack of cilia on the apical surface
  • Instead have microvilli
  • Release of mucins through exocytocis
  • Water release increased by release of ions
35
Q

What ultimately causes cystic fibrosis?

A

due to mutation in CFTR gene

36
Q

What is a characteristic of cystic fibrosis?

A

Deficiency of chloride ion release results in very sticky and immovable mucous – characteristic of cystic fibrosis due to mutation in CFTR gene

37
Q

What does CFTR stand for?

A

CFTR = cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

38
Q

Name 6 tissues that are affected in patients with cystic fibrosis

A
  • Airways
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Small Intestine
  • Reproductive tracts
  • Skin
39
Q

What types of tissues are affected in patients with cystic fibrosis?

A
  • The tissues that have cilia and mucins are all affected
40
Q

Describe how cystic fibrosis affects the following tissues:

  • Airways
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Small Intestine
  • Reproductive tracts
  • Skin
A

Airways
• clogging and infection of bronchial passage with thick sticky mucus obstructs breathing, progressively damages lungs – major cause of mortality in CF patients

Liver
• the small bile duct becomes blocked, disrupts digestion in 5% of CF patients

Pancreas
• zymogen secretions not released in 85% of patients so inability to digest their food

Small intestine
• thick, non-motile stools in 10% of CF neonates - requires surgery

Reproductive tracts
• absence of fine ducts such as vas deferens renders 95% of CF males infertile as they are not able to move their sperm . Occasionally, a thick mucous plug in cervix prevent semen transit and results in female infertility

Skin
• malfunctioning of sweat glands results in very salty sweat and crystals on the surface of the skin

41
Q

Label the location of Clara cells in this diagram

A
42
Q

Where are club/Clara cells located?

A

On the airway side of the terminal bronchioles

43
Q

Describe the structure of club/Clara cells

A

have club like apical surfaces, no cilia and no basal bodies

44
Q

Describe the functions of Clara cells

A

1)To protect the bronchiolar epithelium
• Secretion of a small variety of products, including club cell
secretory protein uteroglobin, and a solution similar in composition to pulmonary surfactant - breaks down the surface tension sitting above all of the cells on the same surface as it

2)Detoxification of harmful substances inhaled into the lungs
• Accomplish this with cytochrome P450 enzymes found in
their smooth endoplasmic reticulum

3)Act as a stem cell, multiplying and differentiating into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium

45
Q

What does smoking do?

A

It damages the lungs

46
Q

Describe what happens in the early stages of smoking

A
  1. Normal mucus layer thickens

2. Cilia die off

47
Q

What happens if you stop smoking during the early stages of smoking?

A

If you stop smoking Ciliagenesis occurs (cilia start growing back again) which takes about 2 to 4 days

48
Q

Describe what happens in the chronic stages of smoking

A
  1. Goblet cells and basal cells proliferate/start to grow as there is a vey thick layer of mucus on the surface
  2. Club cells undergo metaplasia (change shape) or die
  3. Carcinogens in the cigarette smoke induce mutations and malignancy
  4. Pneumocytes in the alveoli die (because of all the carbon dioxide coming in)
    • Remaining type II cells in the alveoli proliferate to make both type I and II pneumocytes
    • Fibroblasts lay down scar tissue
49
Q

State the cell renewal rates in the following tissue:

  • Trachea
  • Alveoli
  • Goblet cells
  • Club cells
A

Trachea - 1 to 2 months
Alveoli - 8 days
Goblet cells - 10 days
Club cells - never (once they die or undergo morphogenesis)

50
Q

Name 5 Respiratory conditions that are related to smoking

A
  • Acute Bronchitis
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • COPD (Chronic Obstructive e Pulmonary Disease
  • Asthma
51
Q

Describe what occurs in acute bronchitis

A
  • cough and mucus production, breathlessness < 3 months
  • Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to inflammation
  • swelling and narrowing of the lung airways
  • excess mucus in the lung passages

Later stage - Increased risk of serious respiratory diseases

52
Q

Describe what occurs in chronic bronchitis

A
  • chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles that produces a cough and
  • mucus production that has at least 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months or more during a 2 year period (smoker’s cough)
  • Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lung passages
  • Start of or irreparable damage to the bronchioles and alveoli
53
Q

Describe what occurs in emphysema

A
  • shortness of breath due to permanent widening of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole without fibrosis (i.e. destruction of the air sacs)

•Damage to air sac, loss of elastic recoil and permanent changes to the size of the alveoli (fuse and enlarge)

54
Q

Describe what happens in COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – umbrella condition that includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis

55
Q

Describe what happens in asthma

A
  • wheeze
  • shortness of breath
  • chest tightness
  • cough that may vary over time and in intensity
  • variable expiratory airflow limitation (often has a trigger, e.g. cold, exercise, allergens, stress, etc.)
  • Caused by bronchospasm (tightening of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchi and bronchioles), obstruction from mucus and narrowing of the conducting airways

Body Logistics ESA 1 (5 decks)

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