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GI > Session 2 - Physiology > Flashcards

Session 2 - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

All preganglionic fibres release …

A

ACh

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2
Q

Post ganglionic fibres release..

A

ACh, NA

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3
Q

Nerve roots of sympathetic control of gut

A

T5-L3

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4
Q

Describe the sympathetic nerves that control the gut

A

Pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsids

Form presynaptic splanchnic nerves- greater, lesser, and least

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5
Q

State nerve roots for each of the splanchnic nerves

A

Greater- t5-t9
Lesser- t10-11
Least- t12

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6
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

In ganglia outside he sympathetic chain eg coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

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7
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves supply gut

A

Pelvic and vagus

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8
Q

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetics do to the gut?

A

Parasympathetics increase everything and sympathetics slow it down

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9
Q

Roots of pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

S2-s4

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10
Q

Which bits do the vagus and pelvic nerves supply?

A

Vagus is oesophagus, stomach, up to transverse colon. Pelvic is transverse colon to anal canal

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11
Q

What’s the enteric nervous system?

A

Guts own nervous system, operates independently of autonomic system (but does have lots of ans connections)

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12
Q

What is the plexus of the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

Inferior Hypogastric plexus

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13
Q

Name the twovplexuses of the enteric nervous system

A

Meissners plexus

Auerbachs plexus

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14
Q

What do each of the enteric nervous systems plexuses do

A

Meissners plexus controls blood flow, secretions, epithelial things
Auerbachs plexus controls muscles

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15
Q

Name four layers of the gut

A

adventitiousMucosa, submucosa, muscularis ropria, adventitia

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16
Q

Three layers of the mucosa

A

Epithelium, lamina proprietary, muscularis mucosa

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17
Q

Which layers are the enteric plexuses found in

A

Submucosa is meissners plexus

Muscularis propia is auerbachs

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18
Q

Which cells secrete histamine

A

Enterpchromaffin-like cells

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19
Q

S cells secrete…

A

Secretin

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20
Q

D cells secrete…

A

somatostatin (paracrine)

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21
Q

Tell me about secretin

A

Produced by S cells, stimulated by H+ and fatty acids, increases HCO3 release from pancreas/GB, reduces gastric acid secretion

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22
Q

What’s stimulated by H+

A

Secretin & D cells

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23
Q

What’s stimulated by fatty acids

A

Secretin & GIP

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24
Q

What’s stimulated by amino acids

A

GIP & I cells

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25
Q

What’s stimulated by sugars

A

GIP

26
Q

What nerve stimulates the gastric releasing peptide

A

Vagus

27
Q

Name a paracrine GI hormone

A

Somatostatin from D cells

28
Q

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut arterial supply

A

Coeliac artery, SMA, IMA

29
Q

Name components of foregut, midgut, hindgut

A

Foregut is up to first half duodenum, midgut second half duodenum-1st 2/3 TC, hindgut last 1/3 TC to anal canal

30
Q

What week does folding occur in

A

4th

31
Q

Which structures have a mixed blood supply from the three options

A

Duodenum (CA & SMA) and pancreas (CA & SMA)

32
Q

Neurons in gut are derived from

A

Neural crest

33
Q

The parietal peritoneum originates from..

A

somatic mesoderm

34
Q

The diaphragm originates from

A

septum transversum

35
Q

Visceral peritoneum originates from

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

36
Q

What’s the only area to have a ventral as well as a dorsal mesentery?

A

The foregut

37
Q

Describe rotation of the stomach

A

Rotates anticlockwise 90 degrees

38
Q

How is the greater and lesser curvatures produced

A

L side grows faster than the right side

39
Q

What is the large embryonic cavity called before its divided into abdominal and thoracic cavities

A

Intra-embryonic coelom

40
Q

What specialises to form the pericardium and pleural membranes?

A

Intra-embyronic coelom membrane

41
Q

What layer surrounds the gut

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

42
Q

What is the mesentery formed from

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

43
Q

Where is the only region to have a right and a left sac

A

The foregut (because it has ventral and dorsal mesentery)

44
Q

Which sac (right or left) becomes the lesser sac

A

The right sac

45
Q

What are the omenta?

A

Specialised regions of peritoneum

46
Q

The greater omentum is formed from the ____ mesentery and the lesser omentum is formed from the _____ mesentery

A

Dorsal (because that’s the only bit there)

and ventral

47
Q

Difference between retroperitoneal and secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal were never in the peritoneal cavity and never had a mesentery. Secondarily retroperitoneal were once in the peritoneal cavity and had a mesentery but mesentery was lost through fusion with the posterior abdominal wall

48
Q

What ventral outgrowth grows from the foregut in the 4th week?

A

Respiratory diverticulum

49
Q

Describe origin of lungs

A

In 4th week respiratory diverticulum grows from foregut and becomes the lung bud. The tracheoesophageal septum in between them splits the foregut and the oesophagus

50
Q

Name retroperitoneal structures

A

Thoracic oesophagus, rectum, anus, kidneys

51
Q

Name secondarily retroperitoneal structures

A

Ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, duodenum

52
Q

Name intraperitoneal structures

A

Stomach, transverse colon, jejunum, ileum, liver, sigmoid colon, abdominal oesophagus, cecum, appendix, liver

53
Q

If the tracheoesophageal septum is in the wrong place, what can happen?

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula with a proximal blind-ending oesophagus

54
Q

Liver and biliary system develop from _____ mesentery

A

Ventral

55
Q

Pancreas develops from ______ mesentery

A

Ventral and dorsal

56
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

From ventral mesentery, attaches anterior liver to abdo wall and divides the liver into R and L lobes

57
Q

Why does the duodenum become secondarily retroperitoneal

A

The rotation of the stomach pushes it right and then posterior

58
Q

What forms when an organ becomes secondarily retroperitoneal

A

Fusion fascia- a plane caused by fusion of the organs visceral peritoneum with the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall

59
Q

Future mouth and future anus are called…

A

Stomatodeum and proctodeum

60
Q

Primitive gut tube development begins in …

A

3rd week

GI (7 decks)

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