Session 2 - Physiology

Question 1

All preganglionic fibres release …

Answer 1

ACh

Question 2

Post ganglionic fibres release..

Answer 2

ACh, NA

Question 3

Nerve roots of sympathetic control of gut

Answer 3

T5-L3

Question 4

Describe the sympathetic nerves that control the gut

Answer 4

Pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsids

Form presynaptic splanchnic nerves- greater, lesser, and least

Question 5

State nerve roots for each of the splanchnic nerves

Answer 5

Greater- t5-t9
Lesser- t10-11
Least- t12

Question 6

Where do splanchnic nerves synapse?

Answer 6

In ganglia outside he sympathetic chain eg coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

Question 7

Which parasympathetic nerves supply gut

Answer 7

Pelvic and vagus

Question 8

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetics do to the gut?

Answer 8

Parasympathetics increase everything and sympathetics slow it down

Question 9

Roots of pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 9

S2-s4

Question 10

Which bits do the vagus and pelvic nerves supply?

Answer 10

Vagus is oesophagus, stomach, up to transverse colon. Pelvic is transverse colon to anal canal

Question 11

What’s the enteric nervous system?

Answer 11

Guts own nervous system, operates independently of autonomic system (but does have lots of ans connections)

Question 12

What is the plexus of the pelvic splanchnic nerves

Answer 12

Inferior Hypogastric plexus

Question 13

Name the twovplexuses of the enteric nervous system

Answer 13

Meissners plexus

Auerbachs plexus

Question 14

What do each of the enteric nervous systems plexuses do

Answer 14

Meissners plexus controls blood flow, secretions, epithelial things
Auerbachs plexus controls muscles

Question 15

Name four layers of the gut

Answer 15

adventitiousMucosa, submucosa, muscularis ropria, adventitia

Question 16

Three layers of the mucosa

Answer 16

Epithelium, lamina proprietary, muscularis mucosa

Question 17

Which layers are the enteric plexuses found in

Answer 17

Submucosa is meissners plexus

Muscularis propia is auerbachs

Question 18

Which cells secrete histamine

Answer 18

Enterpchromaffin-like cells

Question 19

S cells secrete…

Answer 19

Secretin

Question 20

D cells secrete…

Answer 20

somatostatin (paracrine)

Question 21

Tell me about secretin

Answer 21

Produced by S cells, stimulated by H+ and fatty acids, increases HCO3 release from pancreas/GB, reduces gastric acid secretion

Question 22

What’s stimulated by H+

Answer 22

Secretin & D cells

Question 23

What’s stimulated by fatty acids

Answer 23

Secretin & GIP

Question 24

What’s stimulated by amino acids

Answer 24

GIP & I cells

Question 25

What's stimulated by sugars

Answer 25

GIP

Question 26

What nerve stimulates the gastric releasing peptide

Answer 26

Vagus

Question 27

Name a paracrine GI hormone

Answer 27

Somatostatin from D cells

Question 28

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut arterial supply

Answer 28

Coeliac artery, SMA, IMA

Question 29

Name components of foregut, midgut, hindgut

Answer 29

Foregut is up to first half duodenum, midgut second half duodenum-1st 2/3 TC, hindgut last 1/3 TC to anal canal

Question 30

What week does folding occur in

Answer 30

4th

Question 31

Which structures have a mixed blood supply from the three options

Answer 31

Duodenum (CA & SMA) and pancreas (CA & SMA)

Question 32

Neurons in gut are derived from

Answer 32

Neural crest

Question 33

The parietal peritoneum originates from..

Answer 33

somatic mesoderm

Question 34

The diaphragm originates from

Answer 34

septum transversum

Question 35

Visceral peritoneum originates from

Answer 35

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 36

What's the only area to have a ventral as well as a dorsal mesentery?

Answer 36

The foregut

Question 37

Describe rotation of the stomach

Answer 37

Rotates anticlockwise 90 degrees

Question 38

How is the greater and lesser curvatures produced

Answer 38

L side grows faster than the right side

Question 39

What is the large embryonic cavity called before its divided into abdominal and thoracic cavities

Answer 39

Intra-embryonic coelom

Question 40

What specialises to form the pericardium and pleural membranes?

Answer 40

Intra-embyronic coelom membrane

Question 41

What layer surrounds the gut

Answer 41

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 42

What is the mesentery formed from

Answer 42

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 43

Where is the only region to have a right and a left sac

Answer 43

The foregut (because it has ventral and dorsal mesentery)

Question 44

Which sac (right or left) becomes the lesser sac

Answer 44

The right sac

Question 45

What are the omenta?

Answer 45

Specialised regions of peritoneum

Question 46

The greater omentum is formed from the ____ mesentery and the lesser omentum is formed from the _____ mesentery

Answer 46

Dorsal (because that's the only bit there) | and ventral

Question 47

Difference between retroperitoneal and secondarily retroperitoneal?

Answer 47

Retroperitoneal were never in the peritoneal cavity and never had a mesentery. Secondarily retroperitoneal were once in the peritoneal cavity and had a mesentery but mesentery was lost through fusion with the posterior abdominal wall

Question 48

What ventral outgrowth grows from the foregut in the 4th week?

Answer 48

Respiratory diverticulum

Question 49

Describe origin of lungs

Answer 49

In 4th week respiratory diverticulum grows from foregut and becomes the lung bud. The tracheoesophageal septum in between them splits the foregut and the oesophagus

Question 50

Name retroperitoneal structures

Answer 50

Thoracic oesophagus, rectum, anus, kidneys

Question 51

Name secondarily retroperitoneal structures

Answer 51

Ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, duodenum

Question 52

Name intraperitoneal structures

Answer 52

Stomach, transverse colon, jejunum, ileum, liver, sigmoid colon, abdominal oesophagus, cecum, appendix, liver

Question 53

If the tracheoesophageal septum is in the wrong place, what can happen?

Answer 53

Tracheoesophageal fistula with a proximal blind-ending oesophagus

Question 54

Liver and biliary system develop from _____ mesentery

Answer 54

Ventral

Question 55

Pancreas develops from ______ mesentery

Answer 55

Ventral and dorsal

Question 56

What is the falciform ligament

Answer 56

From ventral mesentery, attaches anterior liver to abdo wall and divides the liver into R and L lobes

Question 57

Why does the duodenum become secondarily retroperitoneal

Answer 57

The rotation of the stomach pushes it right and then posterior

Question 58

What forms when an organ becomes secondarily retroperitoneal

Answer 58

Fusion fascia- a plane caused by fusion of the organs visceral peritoneum with the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall

Question 59

Future mouth and future anus are called...

Answer 59

Stomatodeum and proctodeum

Question 60

Primitive gut tube development begins in ...

Answer 60

3rd week