Session 2 - Chapter 2

Question 1

What is reasoning ?

Answer 1

Reasoning is the process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or data.

Question 2

What is logic ?

Answer 2

Logic is a description of the rules and/or steps behind the reasoning process

Question 3

What are the two major types of reasoning ?

Answer 3

The 2 major types of reasoning are :

1) Deductive reasoning
2) Inductive reasoning

Question 4

What is the “Deductive reasoning” ?

Answer 4

The deductive reasoning :

1) Goes from the general to the specific
2) also known as top-down logic
3) such reasoning always implies 3 underlying components : assumptions (“If A”), methods of proof (“then”), and conclusions (“B”)

Question 5

What are the 2 approaches of a deductive reasoning ?

Answer 5

2 approaches of a deductive reasoning :

1) Direct proofs
2) Transposition

Question 6

What is an inductive reasoning ?

Answer 6

Inductive reasoning = Reasoning that goes from the specific to the general; bottom-up logic

Question 7

What are the 2 types of degrees of support ?

Answer 7

The 2 types of degrees of support are :

1) Subjective degree of support
2) Objective degree of support

Question 8

what is a causal relationship ?

Answer 8

It’s when you have a variable which have an impact on another variable

Question 9

What is robustness ?

Answer 9

The persistent accuracy of a conclusion despite variation in the associated assumption(s) within the context of a deductive argument.

Robustness is related to the whole process of reasoning and not only to the wrong conclusion.

Contre-ex: An assumption about wheather

Question 10

Explain transposition reasoning

Answer 10

“If A, then B” and “If not B, then not A” Ex: Judges If my client was not at the place of the crime, then they is not the murderer.

Question 11

When can you test empirically testing conclusion ?

Answer 11

You can collected data to test the conclusion

Question 12

What is the difference between “robustness”, “strength” and “degree of support” ?

Answer 12

“Strength” and “degree of support” is for inductive reasoning

Question 13

Give examples of selection bias

Answer 13

Examples of selection bias : 1) Confirmation bias

2) Predictable-world bias
3) Collector selection bias - Ex: Availability bias (ask people around you)
4) Member selection bias

Question 14

Over-optimism bias ?

Answer 14

You are trying to figure out the results on your feeling