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Reproductive System > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis

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2
Q

Which hypothalamic releasing hormone is associated with the HPG axis?

A

GnRH

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3
Q

What is the name of the depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located?

A

Sella turcica

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4
Q

What other name can be given to the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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5
Q

What other names can be given to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Pars distalis

Adrenohypophysis

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6
Q

What other name can be given to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Pars nervosa

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7
Q

What are the six peptide hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Prolactin
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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8
Q

Which two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH?

A

LH

FSH

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9
Q

Describe the release of of GnRH from the hypothalamus.

A

Pulsatile (every 1-3 hours)

Travels to the pituitary via the hypophysial portal system

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10
Q

What is the name given to the cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotrophs

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11
Q

Which cells of the testis secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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12
Q

Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells?

A

LH

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13
Q

Which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules?

A

FSH

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14
Q

What two functions are provided by Sertoli cells?

A

Increased spermatogenesis

Inhibin secretion

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15
Q

In the male, what feedback effect will testosterone have on the HPG axis?

A

Negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

Which hormone of the anterior pituitary stimulates theca cells of the ovary and what do they secrete?

A

LH

Progestins (and androgens)

17
Q

Which hormones stimulate the granulosa cells of the ovary and what do they secrete?

A

LH and FSH
Oestrogens
Progestins
Inhibin

18
Q

In what conditions will oestrogen promote negative feedback on the hypothalamus?

A

Moderate concentration of oestrogen

19
Q

In what conditions will oestrogen promote positive feedback on the hypothalamus?

A

High concentrations of oestrogen AND an absence of progesterone (this causes the LH ‘surge’)
Progesterone increases the inhibitory effects of moderate oestrogen and prevents positive feedback of high oestrogen

20
Q

Predominantly, the secretion of which hormone is inhibited by inhibin?

A

FSH (Inhibin has a small inhibitory effect on LH)

21
Q

In the female, by what mechanisms can oestrogen have both a positive and negative feedback effect on the HPG axis?

A

Moderate concentrations of oestrogen will cause negative feedback on the HPG axis.
High concentrations of oestrogen, in the absence of progesterone, will cause positive feedback on the HPG.

22
Q

Which two events does the the menstrual cycle refer to?

A

Uterine cycle

Ovarian cycle

23
Q

In the early stage of the menstrual cycle, steroid and inhibin levels are low. The levels of which hormone subsequently rise?

A

FSH

24
Q

What is the effect of rising levels of FSH?

A

Follicular development continues
The follicle is now capable of secreting oestrogen
Inhibin levels rise

25
Q

When oestrogen is being secreted by the follicle, what feedback effect is seen on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

Positive feedback

26
Q

What effect is seen as a response to the positive feedback caused by high concentrations of oestrogen?

A

Increase in LH

27
Q

What causes the LH surge and what does this trigger?

A

Rapid rise in circulating oestrodial and inhibin

Ovulation

28
Q

What are the effects of LH after ovulation?

A

Luteinisation of the follicle (formation of the corpus luteum)

29
Q

What is secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone (negative feedback on LH secretion)
Oestrogen
Inhibin

30
Q

After how long will the corpus luteum spontaneously regress in the absence of a further rise in LH?

A

14 days (after this point a dramatic fall in gonadal hormones will occur, relieving negative feedback and restarting the cycle)

31
Q

What is secreted by a conceptus that will support the corpus luteum after 14 days?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG is an LH analogue produced by the syncytiotropoblast in the second week of development)

32
Q

The corpus luteum, supported by placental hCG, produces steroid hormones to support the pregnancy. eventually, what will take over the production of steroid hormones?

A

Placenta

33
Q

What are the names given to the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A 
Follicular phase (more variable in length)
Luteal phase (14 days)

Ovulation occurs between the two phases

34
Q

What are the names given to the three phases of the endometrial cycle?

A

Menses
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

35
Q

What are the physical effects of oestrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A 
Fallopian tube function
Thickening of endometrium
Growth & motility of myometrium
Thin alkaline cervical mucus
Vaginal changes
Changes in skin, hair, metabolism
36
Q

What are the physical effects of progesterone during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Further thickening of endometrium into secretory form
Thickening of myometrium, but reduction of motility
Thick, acid cervical mucus
Changes in mammary tissue
Increased body temperature
Metabolic changes
Electrolyte changes

Reproductive System (5 decks)

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