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Body Logistics SEM1 YR 1 > Session 12 Body Logistics CARTILAGE > Flashcards

Session 12 Body Logistics CARTILAGE Flashcards

1
Q

NAME THE SPECIALISED CELLS OF CARTILAGE AND STATE THEIR FUNCTION

A
  • CHONDROCYTES

- THEY PRODUCE AND MAINTAIN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN WHICH THEY LIE.

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2
Q

BRIEFLY DESCRIBE CARTILAGE:

A

CARTILAGE IS AN EXAMPLE OF SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • It is AVASCULAR
  • Consists of an extensive extracellular matrix in which the chondrocytes lie
  • Chondrocytes - produce and MAINTAIN the extracellular matrix
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3
Q

DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF CARTILAGE

A
  • Higher ratio of GAG to Type 2 collagen ( allows ready diffusion of sub between chondrocytes and blood vessels)
  • A lot of hyaluronic acid in ECM
  • High density of negatively charged GAG’s ( attract water)= hydrated gel
  • Hyaluronic acid with its many proteoglycan monomers interwoven in network of type 2 collagen fibrils.
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4
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

H- Hyaline
E- Elastic
F- Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

A
  • only cell =Chondrocytes :- Singly or cluster isogenous groups (newly divided) ( each chondrocytes sits in a lacuna)
    Matrix- Hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan (hydration of the matrix), TYPE 2 collagen fibres
  • Perichondrium covers the margin of hyaline cartilage (but not at articulating surfaces and at the epiphyseal plate)
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6
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A
  1. ARTICULATING SURFACES- ARTICULATING CARTILAGE AT JOINTS( no perichondrium)
  2. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE ( no perichondrium)
  3. CARTILAGE IN THE NOSE
  4. COSTAL CARTILAGE
  5. RIBS AND STERNUM
  6. RESPIRATORY- TRACHEA AND LARYNX AND Lungs ( disappears in the smaller respiratory tubes
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7
Q

What is the link between endochondral ossification and hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage= template for most bones
  • Becomes mineralised to form bones
  • In a 14 week foetus - have a lot of cartilage left especially at the epiphyses
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8
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A
  • ENDOCHONRAL OSSIFICATION- Hyaline cartilage acts as model for the development of bone ( long bones- limbs)
  • INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION - Direct formation from mesenchymal cells no cartilage involved ( flat bones - those of the skull, scapula)
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9
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

-Covers the margin of cartilage
- (edge of cartilage)
= DENSE CONNECTIVE tissue
Contains elongate fibroblast like cells which develop—> FLAT chondroblasts (secrete ECM components)—> (Round) Chondrocytes

Fibroblast like cell—> Chondroblast—> Chondrocytes ( apposition always growth)

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10
Q

What are Two types of growth in the cartilage?

A
  • Appositional growth ( growth from the periphery fibroblast—> chondroblast—> chondrocytes)
  • Interstitial growth- mitotic division of chondrocytes ( form isogenous groups- that separate as they secrete ECM)
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11
Q

Explain the calcification of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage calicifies with age
  • Elastic cartilage does not

E.g. the c shaped cartilage in the trachea= hyaline cartilage can be calcified in elderly people

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12
Q

DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE:

A
  • Proteoglycans
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Type 2 collagen fibres ( same composition as HC but have *)
  • *Elastic fibres
    • Elastic lamellae
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13
Q

WHERE IS ELASTIC CARTILAGE FOUND ? (4 LOCATIONS)

A
  1. Pinna ( external ear)
  2. External auditory meats
  3. Eustachian Tube
  4. Epiglottis
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14
Q

How is elastic cartilage different from hyaline cartilage in terms of histology?

A
  • Elastic fibres present in the ECM - have dark staining in hyaline cartilage you would not see this
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15
Q

DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF FIBROCARTILAGE

A
  • Abundant type 1 cartilage (gives its strength to resist shearing forces)
  • Hyaluronic acid, Proteoglycans, Type two collagen
  • Two cell types- chondrocytes - arranged in rows or as isogenous groups and fibroblast
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16
Q

FIBROCARTILAGE IS A COMPOSITION OF

A
  • DCT and hyaline cartilage
17
Q

WHERE IS FIBROCARTILAGE LOCATED IN THE BODY?

A
  1. Pubic symphysis
  2. Sternoclavicular joint
  3. Tempromandibular joint
  4. Intervertebral discs
  5. Menisci of the knee ( as c shaped along with the hyaline cartilage)
18
Q

What do footballers tend to damage and what is significant about this?

A

Meniscus of the knee ( menisci of the knee joint)-
CARTILAGE is said to be irreparable because it is avascular therefore need to have surgical intervention.
( However, some research drilling lots of tiny holes into cartilage stimulates it to repair)

19
Q

WHAT IS ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION?

A
  • Replacement of existing hyaline cartilage ( model for bone development)by bone
  • the way most bones of our body are produced
  • Flat bones eg. Ribs and Limbs
20
Q

What DO we see in 14 Week foetus in regards to endochondral ossification?

A

Most of the bones are replaced by bone (the diaphyses)

However at the epiphysis you can still se cartilage present eg. In the metacarpals of the hand

21
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Growth plate made up of hyaline cartilage
  • Still present in an individual is growing
  • Will disappear after the CESSATION of growth
22
Q

DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF LONG BONE FORMATION BY ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

A
  1. Initial cartilage (5-6 wk embryo)
  2. Formation fo the collar of periosteal bone in the diaphyses (6-8 wk embryo- newly formed osteoblasts gather at diaphyses wall form the bone collar.
  3. Central cartilage calcifies, nutrient artery penetrates, supplying bone depositing osteogenic cells- PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTRE FORM (Fetus 8-12 wks)
  4. Medulla = to spongy bone , CARTILAGE FORMS at the epiphyseal plate - secondary ossification sites develop at epiphyses - POST NATAL
  5. EPIPHYSES OSSIFY AND growth plates continue to move part at which lengthens the bone.- PREPUBERTAL
  6. Epiphyseal growth plates(Ossify-cessation of growth) are replaced by bone. Hyaline articular cartilage persists. MATURE ADULT
23
Q

BONE INCREASES IN LENGTH VIA

A

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

24
Q

INCREASE IN GIRTH OF THE BONE ( BONE IS WIDER) IS VIA

A

Periosteal ossification which increases girth of the bone is INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

25
Q

What are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

RC, P, H ,CC, R

  1. Zone of reserve cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferation
  3. Zone of hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
  5. Zone of resorption
26
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE ZONE OF RESERVE CARTILAGE?

HINT ONE OF THE FIVE ZONES OF THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

A
  • No cellular proliferation

- No active matrix production

27
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE ZONE OF PROLIFERATION?

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE - 5 ZONES

A
  • Cells actively dividing to form columns

- Cells enlarge and Secrete matrix

28
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE ZONE OF HYPERTROPHY?

A
  • Cells enlarge greatly
    -Matrix compressed into linear strands between cell columns
    ( between the two cell columns you will have cartilage which is basically squashed)
29
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE ZONE OF CALCIFIED CARTILAGE?

RC, P, H,CC,R

A
  • Enlarged cells begin to degenerated

- Matrix calcifies

30
Q

WHAT HAPPENS AT THE ZONE OF RESORPTION?

A
  • Calcified matrix is in direct contact with the marrow cavity
  • Small blood vessels and connective tissues invade the region occupied by DYING CHONDROCYTES
  • Leaving calcified cartilage as spicules between them
  • BONE IS LAID DOWN ON THESE CARTILAGE SPICULES
31
Q

WHAT IS BONE LAID DOWN ON ?

A
  • CARTILAGE SPICULE
32
Q

DESCRIBE THE THREE DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE BONE:

A

1- Osteoblasts which deposit the new bone (osteoid)
2.- Osteocytes is a an osteoblasts surrounded by new osteoid
Trapped in the bone ( still living )
3. Osteoclasts - resort bone and lie in the resulting depression

33
Q

WHAT IS A SYNOVIAL JOINT?

A
  • Moveable joint
  • to opposed - (juxtaposed ) bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage
  • lie in articular capsule = joint cavity
  • Inside is the synovial fluid which lubricates the joint
  • The articular capsule is lined by synovial membrane and is reinforced with fibrous tissue and ligaments.
34
Q

WHAT ARE THE CELL OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE?

A
  • Macrophages- remove debris from the joint space

- Fibroblast like cells which thought to secrete the SYNOVIAL FLUID

35
Q

WHAT IS THE ARTICULAR CAPSULE MADE UP OF ?

A
  • Synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule
36
Q

WHAT ARE the most common synovial joints we will deal with in our medical career?

A
  • Shoulder
  • Hip
  • Knee joints
37
Q

WHAT IS OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)?

A
  • Degeneration and mechanical failure of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
  • Narrowing of the joint space
    -Growth of bony spurs (osteophytes- bony projections)
    Bone rubs agains bone
    This causes the pain and inflammation
38
Q

WHAT IS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)?

A
  • Autoimmune inflammation of the synovial membrane
  • Inflammation and thickening of joint capsule
  • Subsequent Damage to underlying bone and cartilage- in a way that they DISINTEGRATE
  • Lots of immune cells present - Macrophage, DC,T CELL, B CELL, MAST CELLS, you also have extensive angiogenesis- Inflammation

Body Logistics SEM1 YR 1 (2 decks)

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