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ESA 5 - Nervous System > Session 1.1 - Intro and Gross anatomy of Nervous System > Flashcards

Session 1.1 - Intro and Gross anatomy of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What stains can one use to stain nuclei and Nissl substances of neurones?

A

Neutral red stain

Cresylecht Violet

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2
Q

What stains could one use to stain axons?

A

Sudan black

Fast blue

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3
Q

Where is grey matter found in the spinal cord and in the cerebral cortex?

A

In Spinal cord - centrally, ‘H’ shaped

In cerebral cortex - peripherally

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4
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

neural pathway controlling an action reflex e.g. knee jerk reflex

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5
Q

Annotate the ventricular system of the brain

A
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6
Q
A
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Annotate the lobes of the cerebrum

A
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9
Q

Annotate the major gyri and sulci

A
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Annotate the regional blood supply of the brain

A
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12
Q

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?

A

Cranial - 12 pairs

spinal - 31 pairs

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13
Q

What membranes envelop the CNS and the PNS?

A

CNS - meninges

PNS - endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

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14
Q

What are the 2 cell types located in the CNS?

A
  1. Neurones
  2. Neuroglia
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15
Q

Where does the spinal cord show enlargement and why?

A

At cervical and lumbar levels due to brachial plexus and lumbar plexus

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16
Q

What are the 3 sutures of the skull?

A

Coronal, saggital, lambdoid

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17
Q

What is the name of:

a) groove of brain
b) a major groove of brain
c) Elevations of brain?

A

a) sulci
b) fissures
c) gyri

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18
Q

How are the 2 hemispheres of the brain connected?

A

by corpus callosum and commissures

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19
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

A

forebrain - prosencephalon

midbrain - mesencephalon

hindbrain - rhombencephalon

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20
Q

What are the 5 secondary vesicles of the brain and what do they differentiate from?

A
  1. diencephalon - forebrain
  2. telencephalon - forebrain
  3. mesencephalon - midbrain
  4. metencephalon - hindbrain
  5. myelencephalon - hindbrain
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21
Q

What is the name of the saggitally running infolding found in the midline?

A

cerebral falx

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23
Q

How does the tentorium cerebelli and the cerebral falx divide the cranial cavity?

A

Tentorium cerebelli - Supra-tentorial and Infra-tentorial compartments

Cerebral falx - Left and right halves

24
Q

What is akinesia?

A

Muscular weakness and fatigue

25
Q

what is apraxia?

A

Difficulty with motor planning

26
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to recognise objects w/o defective senes of smell or sight or memory loss

27
Q

What is aphasia?

A

language disorder

28
Q

What is areflexia?

A

absent reflexes

29
Q

what is ataxia?

A

failure of muscle coordination

30
Q

what is bradykinesia?

A

Slow execution of movement

31
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing

32
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Unclear articulation of speech

33
Q

what is dysphonia?

A

difficulty speaking due to disorder of muscles or vocal cords

34
Q

What is dysdiadochokinesis?

A

Impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements

35
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Disturbed reading

36
Q

What is hypertonia?

A

Increased tone of muscles

37
Q

What is hyporeflexia?

A

reduced reflexes

38
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

Impairment in motor or sensory function in lower limb

39
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

40
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

Paralysis of all limbs and torso

41
Q

What is ophthalmoplegia?

A

Paralysis of muscles of eye

42
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness of voluntary movement

43
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

Weakness of entire left or right side of body

44
Q

What is palsy?

A

Paralysis accompanied by loss of feeling and weakness

45
Q

What is chorea?

A

Involuntary movements of muscles esp shoulders, hip and face

46
Q

What is spacticity?

A

Combo of paralysis, increased tendon reflex and hypertonia

Unidirectional. Velocity dependent

47
Q

What is rigidity?

A

AKA hypokinesia

Partial or complete loss of muscle movement

Bidirectional. Not velocity dependent

48
Q

What is anencephaly and how does it arise?

A

Absence of major part of brain due to failure of anterior end of neural tube to close

49
Q

What condition arises if too much CSF accumulates in vesicles of brain? How is this condition treated?

A

Hydrocephalus

Surgey places a shunt in the vesicles of the brain that redirects excess CSF into other body cavities

51
Q

If blood forms between these layers, what is it called and what type of blood is it:

a) Skull and periosteal layer of dura
b) Meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid mater
c) within subarachnoid space

A

a) extradural haematoma - arterial
b) subdural hameatoma - venous
c) subarachnoid haematoma - arterial

52
Q

What is CSF rhinorrhoea

A

fracture of frontal sinus or cribiform plate resulting in CSF leaking through the nose. Brain open to infection

53
Q

Describe the composition of CSF compared to blood

A

Higher na, mg, and cl

Lower glucose, calcium, K, white cells

ESA 5 - Nervous System (20 decks)

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