Session 1.1 - Intro and Gross anatomy of Nervous System

Question 1

What stains can one use to stain nuclei and Nissl substances of neurones?

Answer 1

Neutral red stain

Cresylecht Violet

Question 2

What stains could one use to stain axons?

Answer 2

Sudan black

Fast blue

Question 3

Where is grey matter found in the spinal cord and in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 3

In Spinal cord - centrally, ‘H’ shaped

In cerebral cortex - peripherally

Question 4

What are reflex arcs?

Answer 4

neural pathway controlling an action reflex e.g. knee jerk reflex

Question 5

Annotate the ventricular system of the brain

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Annotate the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 8

Question 9

Annotate the major gyri and sulci

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Annotate the regional blood supply of the brain

Answer 11

Question 12

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?

Answer 12

Cranial - 12 pairs

spinal - 31 pairs

Question 13

What membranes envelop the CNS and the PNS?

Answer 13

CNS - meninges

PNS - endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Question 14

What are the 2 cell types located in the CNS?

Answer 14

1. Neurones
2. Neuroglia

Question 15

Where does the spinal cord show enlargement and why?

Answer 15

At cervical and lumbar levels due to brachial plexus and lumbar plexus

Question 16

What are the 3 sutures of the skull?

Answer 16

Coronal, saggital, lambdoid

Question 17

What is the name of:

a) groove of brain
b) a major groove of brain
c) Elevations of brain?

Answer 17

a) sulci
b) fissures
c) gyri

Question 18

How are the 2 hemispheres of the brain connected?

Answer 18

by corpus callosum and commissures

Question 19

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

Answer 19

forebrain - prosencephalon

midbrain - mesencephalon

hindbrain - rhombencephalon

Question 20

What are the 5 secondary vesicles of the brain and what do they differentiate from?

Answer 20

1. diencephalon - forebrain
2. telencephalon - forebrain
3. mesencephalon - midbrain
4. metencephalon - hindbrain
5. myelencephalon - hindbrain

Question 21

What is the name of the saggitally running infolding found in the midline?

Answer 21

cerebral falx

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

How does the tentorium cerebelli and the cerebral falx divide the cranial cavity?

Answer 23

Tentorium cerebelli - Supra-tentorial and Infra-tentorial compartments

Cerebral falx - Left and right halves

Question 24

What is akinesia?

Answer 24

Muscular weakness and fatigue

Question 25

what is apraxia?

Answer 25

Difficulty with motor planning

Question 26

What is agnosia?

Answer 26

Inability to recognise objects w/o defective senes of smell or sight or memory loss

Question 27

What is aphasia?

Answer 27

language disorder

Question 28

What is areflexia?

Answer 28

absent reflexes

Question 29

what is ataxia?

Answer 29

failure of muscle coordination

Question 30

what is bradykinesia?

Answer 30

Slow execution of movement

Question 31

what is dysphagia?

Answer 31

difficulty swallowing

Question 32

What is dysarthria?

Answer 32

Unclear articulation of speech

Question 33

what is dysphonia?

Answer 33

difficulty speaking due to disorder of muscles or vocal cords

Question 34

What is dysdiadochokinesis?

Answer 34

Impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements

Question 35

What is dyslexia?

Answer 35

Disturbed reading

Question 36

What is hypertonia?

Answer 36

Increased tone of muscles

Question 37

What is hyporeflexia?

Answer 37

reduced reflexes

Question 38

What is paraplegia?

Answer 38

Impairment in motor or sensory function in lower limb

Question 39

What is hemiplegia?

Answer 39

Paralysis on one side of the body

Question 40

What is quadriplegia?

Answer 40

Paralysis of all limbs and torso

Question 41

What is ophthalmoplegia?

Answer 41

Paralysis of muscles of eye

Question 42

What is paresis?

Answer 42

Weakness of voluntary movement

Question 43

What is hemiparesis?

Answer 43

Weakness of entire left or right side of body

Question 44

What is palsy?

Answer 44

Paralysis accompanied by loss of feeling and weakness

Question 45

What is chorea?

Answer 45

Involuntary movements of muscles esp shoulders, hip and face

Question 46

What is spacticity?

Answer 46

Combo of paralysis, increased tendon reflex and hypertonia Unidirectional. Velocity dependent

Question 47

What is rigidity?

Answer 47

AKA hypokinesia Partial or complete loss of muscle movement Bidirectional. Not velocity dependent

Question 48

What is anencephaly and how does it arise?

Answer 48

Absence of major part of brain due to failure of anterior end of neural tube to close

Question 49

What condition arises if too much CSF accumulates in vesicles of brain? How is this condition treated?

Answer 49

Hydrocephalus Surgey places a shunt in the vesicles of the brain that redirects excess CSF into other body cavities

Question 50

Answer 50

Question 51

If blood forms between these layers, what is it called and what type of blood is it: a) Skull and periosteal layer of dura b) Meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid mater c) within subarachnoid space

Answer 51

a) extradural haematoma - arterial b) subdural hameatoma - venous c) subarachnoid haematoma - arterial

Question 52

What is CSF rhinorrhoea

Answer 52

fracture of frontal sinus or cribiform plate resulting in CSF leaking through the nose. Brain open to infection

Question 53

Describe the composition of CSF compared to blood

Answer 53

Higher na, mg, and cl Lower glucose, calcium, K, white cells