Session 10 - Pathology in pictures Flashcards

1
Q

The heart (1)

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Ascentric left ventricular hypertrophy
    • Aortic valve stenosis
    • Hypertension (functional demand increase)
    • Coronary heart disease
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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2
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size without cell no. increase

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3
Q

The heart (2)

A
  • MI with tissue necrosis (white)
    • Old necrosis in this photo (coagulative)
      • Due to loss of blood supply to ischaemia
    • Not a fresh infarct- would see area of necrosis
  • White infarct- no dual blood supply
  • Thinner walls
  • Compensatory hypertrophy of adjacent myocardium
  • Fibrosis
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4
Q

blood vess;es

A
  • Abdominal Aortic Aneursym
  • Just above the iliac bifurcation
  • Thrombus formation which fills the blood vessel
  • Aneurysm- local dilation of the arterial wall due to weakening of the arterial musculature
    *
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5
Q

why people die of an AAA

A

Atherosclerotic deposition on wall of vessel which weakens the medial of the wall –> starts to dilate

  • rupture of AAA
  • blood loss- hypovolemia
  • embolism of original thrombus- goes into leg- acute ischaemia
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6
Q

risk factors for rupture of AAA

A

hypertension

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7
Q

the limb

A
  • Dry gangrene- necrosis visible to the naked eye
    • Dry gangrene Coagulate necrosis
    • Wet gangrene - liquefactive necrosis
  • Treatment- amputation
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8
Q

the lungs

A

heavy exposure to smoke or pollution

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9
Q

the alveoli

A
  • These alveoli should be clear
  • Neutrophils- acute inflammation affecting one lobe of the lung
  • Lobile pneumonia
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10
Q

What is this

A

a saddle embolism

  • commonly refers to a large pulmonary embolism that straddles the bifurication of the pulmonary trunk–> extending into the left and right pulmonary arteries
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11
Q

key features of thrombus vs normal clotting

A
  • lines of zahn
  • very firm and solid
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12
Q

features of Virchows triad

A
  1. Hypercoagulability
  2. Damage to the wall
  3. Haemostasis
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13
Q

pulmonary embolisms generally come from

A

DVTS

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14
Q

risk factors for DVTS

A

Smoking

Pregnancy

Immobility

Male

Fracture

Cancer- prothrombotic state

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15
Q

what is this?

A

Mesothelioma- due to asbestos- constant repair of pleural cells (white part surrounding lungs)

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16
Q

granuloma

A

central caseating necrosis

17
Q

features of granuloma

A

With giant cell- langhans

  • Tuberculosis
18
Q

what is this?

A
19
Q

what is this?

A

appendicitis

20
Q

what is this?

A

Red infarct- haemorrhagic infarction

Dual blood supply (collateral blood supply)

21
Q
A
22
Q

what is this?

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

23
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

A
  • Entire mucosa covered in polyps
  • All they need to do is acquire more mutations to become malignant
  • Treatment- removal of damaged colon (large bowel)
24
Q

what is this

A

Gastric biopsy showing Helicobacter pylori

  • Chronic inflammation
  • Stomach ulcers
  • Can lead to cancer