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Pelvic Anatomy > Session 1: Pelvis and Male Reproductive Structures > Flashcards

Session 1: Pelvis and Male Reproductive Structures Flashcards

1
Q

See pelvic landmarks on pg 8+9 of Pelvic Anatomy Booklet

A

…

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2
Q

What differs in the greater pelvis in each gender?

A

Female shallower, male deeper

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3
Q

What differs in the lesser pelvis in each gender?

A

Female wide and shallow, male narrow and deep

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4
Q

What differs in the pelvic inlet in each gender?

A

Female oval and rounded, male heart-shaped

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5
Q

What differs in the pelvic outlet in each gender?

A

Female comparatively large, male comparatively small

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6
Q

What differs in the subpubic angle in each gender?

A

Female: obtuse angle, male: acute angle

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7
Q

What differs in the obturator foramen in each gender?

A

Female: oval, Male: round

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8
Q

What differs in the acetabulum in each gender?

A

Female: small, Male: large

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9
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial planar

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10
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Cartilagenous

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11
Q

Diagram of pubic joints pg 10 of the booklet

A

…

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12
Q

Which muscles occupy the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Obturator internus

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13
Q

Which muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Piriformis

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14
Q

Which nerve network lies on the muscle forming the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Sacral plexus

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15
Q

Diagram of the pelvic floor: booklet page 11

A

…

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16
Q

What are the perineal and anococcygeal bodies?

A

Irregular, fibromuscular masses which act as attachments for muscle fibres

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17
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic diaphragm (floor)?

A

Urinary and faecal continence
Support of abdominopelvic viscera
Resistance to increases in intrapelvic/abdominal pressure

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18
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator Ani Muscles - Branches of the pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4)
Coccygeus - Anterior rami of S4 and 5

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19
Q

Injury to the pelvic floor during childbirth is common and potentially damaging. Why?

A

????

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20
Q

Why does an episiotomy minimise long-term damage?

A

Helps to prevent uncontrolled tearing of the perineal muscles.

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21
Q

What are the main organs of the urinary system found in the pelvic viscera in each gender?

A

Males: Urinary bladder, urethra
Females: Urinary bladder, urethra

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22
Q

What are the main organs of the reproductive system found in the pelvic viscera in each gender?

A

Males: Prostate and other glands. ductus deferens
Females: Uterus, ovaries, vagina, uterine tubes

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23
Q

What are the main organs of the alimentary system found in the pelvic viscera in each gender?

A

Males: Rectum, anal canal
Females: Rectum, anal canal

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24
Q

What would you normally be able to palpate in males when performing a rectal examination?

A

Prostate, anal tone, rectal wall

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25
What would you normally be able to palpate in females when performing a rectal examination?
Anal tone, rectal wall ???? Uterus
26
Diagram of the pelvic arteries, page 14 booklet
...
27
What is the origin of the superior and inferior vesical arteries and what do they supply?
Umbilical artery | Bladder, seminal gland and prostate in males
28
What is the origin of the uterine artery and what does it supply?
Internal iliac artery | Uterus
29
What is the origin of the gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular) and what do they supply?
Abdominal aorta | Gonads (ovaries or testes)
30
What is the origin of the superior rectal artery and what does it supply?
Inferior mesenteric | Rectum
31
What is the origin of the middle and inferior rectal arteries and what do they supply?
Middle - internal iliac, medial rectum | Inferior - internal pudendal, distal rectum
32
What is the origin of the vaginal artery and what does it supply?
Uterine artery | Vagina
33
What is the origin of the internal pudendal artery and what does it supply?
Internal iliac artery | Main artery to the perineum
34
What is the origin of the obturator artery and what does it supply?
Internal iliac artery | Muscles in the thigh's adductor compartment
35
What does the testicular artery pass through?
The inguinal canal
36
See page 15 for a diagram of the pelvic veins
...
37
What part of the rectum drains into the portal circulation?
Superior rectal vein -> proximal section
38
Which parts of the rectum drain into systematic circulation?
Middle and inferior rectal veins -> Middle and distal sections
39
What is the significance of the rectal venous drainage system?
It is a portocaval anastomoses
40
Why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver?
????
41
With which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate on it's posterior side? What is the clinical significance of knowing this?
Internal vertebral venous plexus | ????
42
Describe the course of the ilioinguinal nerve. What does it supply?
Originates from S1 and enters the inguinal canal at the superficial inguinal ring. Skin at the tip of the penis or the labia
43
Describe the course of the genitofemoral nerve
Originates at L1-2 and enters the deep inguinal ring
44
What structures are supplied by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve in males?
Skin of proximal medial thigh, skin of anterior scrotum, cremaster muscle
45
What is the clinical significance of the genitofemoral nerve?
????
46
There does the pudendal nerve arise from? What vessel does it follow the path of?
Sacral plexus | Pudendal artery
47
What does the pudendal nerve supply?
Bulbospongiosus muscle | Ishiocavernosus muscle
48
From which segmental levels does the pudendal nerve arise?
S2-4
49
What bony landmarks do you think are used when performing a pudendal nerve block during labour?
Ischial spine
50
What supplies the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis?
Sympathetic fibres from L1 and 2 via the hypogastric plexus
51
What innervates the female genital tract?
Sympathetic nerve fibres from the pelvic and ovarian plexuses Parasympathetic fibres from the pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-4)
52
What innervates erectile tissues in both males and females?
Parasympathetic fibres from the hypogastric plexus (S2-4)
53
What are the erectile structures?
Left and right crus
54
After rectal surgery why are some men unable to ejaculate?
????
55
Pelvic lymph nodes page 18 of booklet
????
56
What categories of reproductive organs exist?
External genitalia The gonads - responsible for the production of gametes Tube system - important for transport of sperm/ovum to allow them to unite Accessory glands - support the gametes and lubricatethe copulatory organs
57
See page 19 for diagrams of male genitalia
...
58
Why are the gonads located outside the abdominopelvic cavity in males, but remain intimately connected to the structures located there in males?
Thermoregulation
59
See page 20 for diagrams of the spermatic cord
...
60
What are the main contents of the spermatic cord?
Testicular arteries Pampiniform plexus Vas deferens
61
What is the tough outer layer of the testis?
Tunica albuginea
62
What is the tunica vaginalis?
A peritoneal sac that covers the testis
63
What are the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis?
Visceral lamina | Parietal lamina
64
What material is present between the two layers of tunica vaginalis?
Serous
65
What is hydrocele and haematocele?
????
66
What artery supplies the testis?
Testicular arteries
67
What vertebral do the testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta at?
L1/2
68
What structures do the testicular arteries cross when travelling retroperitoneally before the inguinal canal?
????
69
What is the term used for the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis?
Pampiniform plexus
70
What is the function of these veins?
????
71
Where does the right testicular vein drain into?
Inferior vena cava
72
Where does the left testicular vein drain into?
Left renal vein
73
What is varicocele?
????
74
Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis?
Lumbar and para-aortic lymph nodes
75
What is the vas deferens?
The muscular tube which arises from the tail of the epididymis which transverses the inguinal canal and enters the pelvis by passing over the external iliac vessels
76
How does the vas deferens terminate?
Joining the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct
77
What secretions are produced by the seminal vesicles?
Alkaline fluid Prostglandins Fructose Clotting factors
78
What is the prostate gland fused to?
The inferior part of the bladder (neck)
79
What does the prostate surround?
The prostatic urethra
80
What secretions are produced by the prostate?
Proteolytic enzymes
81
What are the bulbourethral glands?
Paired structures located in the urogenital diaphragm which empty into the spongy urethra
82
What secretions are produced by these glands?
Mucous secretions
83
Page 25 for lymphatic drainage of male reproductive organs
????
84
What are the histological features of the testis (semiferouh tubules)?
Convoluted tubules sectioned in various planes 4-8 layers of cells Spermatozoa in the lumen Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces between tubules
85
What are the histological features of the prostate?
Serous alveoli with infolding epithelium Trabeculae of muscular stroma Amorphous eosinophilic masses, called corpora amylacea, in the alveoli of older men
86
What are the histological features of the seminal vesicles?
No sperm in the lumen Highly recessed and irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving honey-combed appearances Well developed muscular externa
87
What are the histological features of the ductus deferens?
Lumen Stellate in shape A thick walled muscular tube Epithelial lining and it's supporting lamina propria are thrown into longitudinal folds
88
See pgs 26-28 for histological diagrams
...

Pelvic Anatomy (7 decks)

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