Session 1: Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight

Question 1

What factors determine the selection of a particular substrate/pathway for ATP synthesis? (3)

Answer 1

1. Supply of oxygen
2. How rapidly ATP must be produced
3. Fuel availability

Question 2

What is metabolism?

Answer 2

Chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Question 3

What are the different pathways involved in metabolism? (4)

Answer 3

1. Oxidative
2. Detoxification
3. Biosynthetic
4. Fuel storage and mobilisation

Question 4

What do you need energy for? (5)

Answer 4

To do work

1. Biosynthetic
2. Transport
3. Mechanical
4. Electrical
5. Osmotic

Question 5

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

Answer 5

Humans don’t have cellulase to break down B-1,4 bond

Question 6

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 6

1. Isoleucine
2. Leucine
3. Lysine
4. Valine
5. Methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Tryptophan
8. Threonine
9. Histidine

Question 7

What makes fat the most efficient source of energy?

Answer 7

Fats contain less oxygen than carbohydrate or protein - they’re more reduced so yield more energy when oxidised

Question 8

What are the different types of fat and what states are they in at room temp?

Answer 8

Saturated - solids
Unsaturated - liquid
Trans

Question 9

What are fats required for?

Answer 9

Absorption of vitamins A, D, E, K from the gut

Question 10

Name some essential fatty acids.

Answer 10

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Question 11

What are the functions of minerals?

Answer 11

1. Ion gradients
2. Structure (Ca, P)
3. Signalling (Ca)
4. Enzyme co-factors
5. Make haemoglobin and collagen (iron)

Question 12

What does deficiency of B12 and folate lead to?

Answer 12

Anaemia

Question 13

What is a diet low in fibre associated with?

Answer 13

Constipation and bowel cancer

Question 14

What is a diet high in fibre associated with?

Answer 14

Reduce cholesterol and lower risk of diabetes

Question 15

How can daily energy expenditure be calculated?

Answer 15

BMR + DIT (diet-induced thermogenesis) + PAL (physical activity level)

Question 16

Why is Basal Metabolic Rate significant?

Answer 16

Maintains resting activities of the body:

• maintenance of cells (ion transport across membranes; biochemical reactions)
• function of organs
• maintaining body temperature

Question 17

What factors affect BMR? (5)

Answer 17

1. Body size (surface area)
2. Gender (higher in males)
3. Environmental temp (increases in cold)
4. Endocrine status (increased in hyperthyroidism)
5. Body temperature

Question 18

What are the different energy stores and when are they used?

Answer 18

• Creatine phosphate in muscles - v short term
• carbohydrates - immediate use (minutes or hours)
• adipose - long term
• muscle proteins - under extreme conditions

Question 19

What is obesity?

Answer 19

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue (BMI >30)

Question 20

What can obesity lead to?

Answer 20

Cancer, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes

Question 21

What BMI ranges classifies as underweight?

Answer 21

<18.5

Question 22

What BMI ranges classifies as desirable?

Answer 22

18.5 - 24.9

Question 23

What BMI ranges classifies as overweight?

Answer 23

25 - 29.9

Question 24

What BMI ranges classifies as obese?

Answer 24

30 - 34.9

Question 25

What BMI ranges classifies as severely obese?

Answer 25

> 35

Question 26

What can low protein intake result in?

Answer 26

• decrease in plasma oncotic presssure
• oedema
• kwashiorkor