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Reproductive System > Session 1 - Male Anatomy > Flashcards

Session 1 - Male Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the testes located external to the main body cavity?

A

Maintain a lower temperature than the internal body - 35 degrees.
Enable spermatogenesis

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2
Q

Which structures does the vas deferens travel through to reach the penis?

A
  1. Through the inguinal canal.
    Common site of hernias.
  2. Superior to the bladder.
  3. Then joins to form ejaculatory duct.
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3
Q

Which structure does the ejaculatory duct go through?

A

The prostate

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4
Q

What prevents sperm from travelling into the bladder?

A

There is a valve at this intersection.

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5
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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6
Q

Describe the journey and development of sperm from the testis to the penis

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules = spermatogenesis.
  2. Rete testis (in mediastinum testis) = sperm become more concentrated as water removed.
  3. Head of epididymis = Sperm mature.
  4. Move through epididymis to vas deferens.
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7
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Section of peritoneum covering the (anterior?) aspect of the testis, from when the testes descended from the abdomen.

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8
Q

What is a clinical aspect of the tunica vaginalis?

A

Fluid can build up in here, as is hollow.

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9
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

The capsule structure holding the seminiferous tubules together.

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10
Q

What is a hydrocoele?

A

Build up of fluid in tunica vaginalis of testis.

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11
Q

What are sertolli cells, where are they found?

A

Primarily make up the walls of the seminiferous tubules.
They are important for sperm maturation by (remove excess cytoplasm from maturing sperm to decrease volume)

Ultimately released into lumen.

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12
Q

What is the function of the leydig cells?

A

Androgen metabolism

Testosterone

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13
Q

How can we tell that the leydig cells are involved in androgen metabolism?

A

Contain lots of lipid droplets and smooth ER.

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14
Q

Where do the testicular arteries originate?

A

At the abdominal aorta.

Took their blood supply when they descended.

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15
Q

Where do the testicular veins drain to?

A

RIGHT
Drains to the inferior vena cava.

LEFT
Drains to the left renal vein
(Which then drains to IVC)

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16
Q

Why is the left testis believed to be more congested than the right testis?

A

Due to more congested venous drainage to the right renal vein, which has a higher pressure than the IVC (more feeding vessels)

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17
Q

Where is the lymph drainage for the testes?

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

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18
Q

What could lymphadenopathy of the inguinal lymph nodes suggest?

A

Could suggest disease of the scrotum, as the scrotum drains lymph to here.

19
Q

What prevents the two testes from coming into contact?

A

The scrotal septum separates them both.

Fibrous septum

20
Q

What may happen if a testis twists on its blood supply?

A

Testicular torsion

21
Q

Describe the process of testicular torsion.

A

Testicle twists.
Initially the veins occlude, increasing pressure.
This pressure ultimately occludes the arterial supply.

22
Q

How is a testicular torsion treated?

A

Scrotum incised, testis untwisted.

Bilateral sutures of the testes to the scrotum to prevent future torsion.

23
Q

What is the Bell-clapper deformity?

A

When the testis is hanging in the tunica vaginalis, and there is a narrower point, where torsion can occur.

24
Q

How do the testes descend during development?

A

The testis evaginates the abdominal wall muscles as it descends.
(Finger through cling film)

25
Q

What forms the spermatic fascia, what are its layers?

A

Formed from the abdominal wall muscles.

  1. External spermatic fascia
  2. Cremasteric Fascua
  3. Internal spermatic fascia
26
Q

How is a vasectomy carried out?

A
  1. Small cut in the scrotum
  2. The spermatic cord is pulled out, and the vas is identifiable (firm)
  3. Cut, and tie off ends
27
Q

How long after a vasectomy can a person have unprotected sex?

A

At least a couple of months, for the sperm to be cleared out of the remaining vas.

28
Q

What is the ejaculate made up of? and from where?

A

10% - seminal fluid
From testes, contains sperm

65% - seminal vesicle
Fructose rich solution

25% - Prostate gland
Alkaline secretion - neutralises acidity in the vagina.

29
Q

What is benign prostate hypertrophy, what can it cause?

A

Benign enlargement of the transitional zone of the prostate.
This causes compression of the urethra.

30
Q

Why does the prostate increase in size as you get older?

A

The tissues of the prostate (especially transitional zone) react to androgens, so over time it increases in size. This can cause problems in men passing urine.

31
Q

How does the prostate help control urine flow?

A

Urethra passes through prostate, so the prostate is important in urine control.

32
Q

Where do cancers of the prostate occur?

A

In the peripheral zone (outer zone)

33
Q

How are prostate cancers detected?

A

Through the rectum, as the peripheral zone lies next to the rectum. Feels hard and craggy (walnut).

34
Q

Which part of the male urethra may cause difficulty in catheterisation?

A

Where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor.

Catheter must be pushed (against resistance)

35
Q

What are the functions of the penis?

A

Expels of urine through the urethra.

Deposits sperm in the vagina.

36
Q

Which three main structures make up the penis?

A

2 x Corpus cavernous (Superior)

Corpus spongeosum (inferior part)

37
Q

Which part of the penis does the urethra travel through?

A

Through the corpus spongeosum.

38
Q

Which parts of the penis become more erect?

A

Corpus cavernosum.

Spongeosum less, to allow ejaculate to move through

39
Q

Where do the corpora carvenosa attach?

A

They are mostly attached to the pubic bone.

40
Q

What similarity do the penis and clitoris share?

A

They are homologous!

Both contain erectile tissue.

41
Q

What function do the tunica albuginea of the penis serve?

A

Enable rigidity, as collagen fibres are arranged at right angles.
(Circumferential and longitudinal)

42
Q

Name the list of arteries that supplies the penis.

A
  1. Internal iliac artery
  2. Internal pudendal artery
  3. Perineal arteries
43
Q

How can trauma cause damage to the penis?

A

Blunt trauma/ bending of penis can rupture the tunica albuginea, causing a superficial bleed and haematoma.

Reproductive System (6 decks)

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