Session 1 - Introduction- Cardiac Imaging and anatomy/ haemodynamics Flashcards
What are the three arterial layers and what do they consist of?
Tunica adventitia- connective tissue
Tunica media- external elastic lamina and smooth muscle
Tunica intima- endothelium and internal elastic lamina
What are the normal measurements for blood flow?
70kg man
cardiac output- 5L/min
CO = HR X SV
HR= 60-90 BPM
What are the measurements for blood flow after exercise?
CO = 20-35L/MIN
HR 150-200 BPM
SV up to 200ml/beat
what are the three layers of tissue in the heart wall?
Epicardium- serous membrane smooth outer surface of the heart
myocardium- middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells and responsibility for heart contractility
endocardium- smooth inner surface of hart chambers
what are pectinate muscles?
muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall
what are trabeculae carnae
muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles
what are the names of the coronary arteries
left main artery
circumflex artery
left anterior descending
right coronary artery
haemodynamics
physical factors that control blood flow
what is serum
plasma without clotting factors
how is flow measured
volume (blood) transferred per unit time- (ml/MIN)
Flow = K(change in P)
K=conductance
change in P= pressure difference/gradient
how is pressure measured
force per unit area mmHg
what is resistance
the difference in mean pressure needed to move one unit of flow in steady state mmHg min/mL
R = CHANGE IN P/ Flow
what is vascular resistance
resistance to flow in blood vessels
what is the relationship between flow and resistance
they are reciprocally related, at any given flow if resistance increases then the increase in change in pressure increases also
what is laminar flow
smooth silent, maintains energy and typical of most arteries, arterioles, venules and veins- moves in ‘stream lines’
orderly movement of a large group of peple along an open road
what is turbulent flow
disorganised, noisy, energy is lost
large movement of large group of students along corridor and then through one half of open double doors
what is stenosis
abnormal discrete narrowing of an artery or open area of a heart valve
how do you calculate pulse pressure
SBP - DBP = PP
what determines mean arterial pressure
cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
what is pulse pressure
volume of blood ejected and the compliance if the arterial system govern pulse pressure
what is a pulse
shock wave that arrives slightly before the blood itself
what causes an increase in pulse pressure
increased stroke volume
heart block- bradycardia
vasodilation- decrease peripheral resistance- hot bath, pregnancy
elite athletes - systolic increased diastolic decreases
what is a korotkoff sound
change from laminar to turbulent flow
what is postural hypotension
dizziness upon standing- decrease in stroke volume leads to transient arterial hypotension
