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Cardiovascular System > Session 1 - Introduction- Cardiac Imaging and anatomy/ haemodynamics > Flashcards

Session 1 - Introduction- Cardiac Imaging and anatomy/ haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three arterial layers and what do they consist of?

A

Tunica adventitia- connective tissue
Tunica media- external elastic lamina and smooth muscle
Tunica intima- endothelium and internal elastic lamina

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2
Q

What are the normal measurements for blood flow?

A

70kg man

cardiac output- 5L/min
CO = HR X SV

HR= 60-90 BPM

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3
Q

What are the measurements for blood flow after exercise?

A

CO = 20-35L/MIN

HR 150-200 BPM

SV up to 200ml/beat

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4
Q

what are the three layers of tissue in the heart wall?

A

Epicardium- serous membrane smooth outer surface of the heart

myocardium- middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells and responsibility for heart contractility

endocardium- smooth inner surface of hart chambers

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5
Q

what are pectinate muscles?

A

muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

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6
Q

what are trabeculae carnae

A

muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles

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7
Q

what are the names of the coronary arteries

A

left main artery
circumflex artery
left anterior descending
right coronary artery

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8
Q

haemodynamics

A

physical factors that control blood flow

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9
Q

what is serum

A

plasma without clotting factors

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10
Q

how is flow measured

A

volume (blood) transferred per unit time- (ml/MIN)

Flow = K(change in P)
K=conductance
change in P= pressure difference/gradient

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11
Q

how is pressure measured

A

force per unit area mmHg

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12
Q

what is resistance

A

the difference in mean pressure needed to move one unit of flow in steady state mmHg min/mL

R = CHANGE IN P/ Flow

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13
Q

what is vascular resistance

A

resistance to flow in blood vessels

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14
Q

what is the relationship between flow and resistance

A

they are reciprocally related, at any given flow if resistance increases then the increase in change in pressure increases also

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15
Q

what is laminar flow

A

smooth silent, maintains energy and typical of most arteries, arterioles, venules and veins- moves in ‘stream lines’

orderly movement of a large group of peple along an open road

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16
Q

what is turbulent flow

A

disorganised, noisy, energy is lost

large movement of large group of students along corridor and then through one half of open double doors

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17
Q

what is stenosis

A

abnormal discrete narrowing of an artery or open area of a heart valve

18
Q

how do you calculate pulse pressure

A

SBP - DBP = PP

19
Q

what determines mean arterial pressure

A

cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

20
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

volume of blood ejected and the compliance if the arterial system govern pulse pressure

21
Q

what is a pulse

A

shock wave that arrives slightly before the blood itself

22
Q

what causes an increase in pulse pressure

A

increased stroke volume

heart block- bradycardia
vasodilation- decrease peripheral resistance- hot bath, pregnancy
elite athletes - systolic increased diastolic decreases

23
Q

what is a korotkoff sound

A

change from laminar to turbulent flow

24
Q

what is postural hypotension

A

dizziness upon standing- decrease in stroke volume leads to transient arterial hypotension

25
Q

how do you calculate mean arterial pressure

A

(MAP) - DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3) = DBP + 1/3PP

MAP = CO X TPR

26
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

CO = HR X SV

27
Q

what do leads 2 3 and aVF look at

A

inferior aspecr

28
Q

what do leads V1 and V2 look at

A

Anterior aspect of the ventricles and septum

29
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads 2 ,3 and aVF

A

Right coronary artery

30
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads V1 - V2

A

left anterior descending

31
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads V3 and V4

A

Lefr anterior descending distal

32
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads V1- V4

A

left anterior descending

33
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads V5-V6. I , aVL

A

circumflex

34
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads V1- v6, I , aVL

A

proximal Left coronary artery

35
Q

what coronary artery is responsible for a MI in the leads V1 - V2

A

right coronary artery

36
Q

how does a posterior MI show

A

there are no leads but it might show up as a ST depression in the anterior leads or later on as tall R waves rather than pathological Q waves in the anterior

37
Q

what leads show the anterioapical aspect

A

V3- V4

38
Q

Which leads show the anteroseptal region

A

V1 - V4

39
Q

which leads show the lateral aspect of the heart

A

V5 - V6, I,aVL

40
Q

which leads show the extensive anterolateral side

A

V1 - V6, I, aVL

41
Q

which leads show the posterior side of the heart

A

V1 - V2

Cardiovascular System (18 decks)

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