Session 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define Logistics

A

The detailed design, organisation, and implementation of a complex operation

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2
Q

Who explained that “the constancy of the internal environment is necessary for free life” and coined the term “milieu interieur”?

A

Claude Bernard

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3
Q

This man coined the term “Homeostasis” and said that it is “an evolutionary development of a metabolic wisdom that provides for internal consistency”

A

Walter B Cannon

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4
Q

List some conditions within the body need to be maintained constant in the internal environment?

A

O2, CO2, salt, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, pH, temperature, volume & pressure of body fluid compartments

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5
Q

What fundamental technique does the body use to maintain homeostasis? Explain with examples.

A

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops
Positive: Release of estrogen during menstrual cycle stimulates the release of LH from anterior pituitary and gnRH from hypothalamus. gnRH stimulates release of more LH. LH stimulats release of more estrogen and the cycle continues.

Negative: After ovulation, corpus luteum releases progesterone in response to the presence of LH. Progesterone inhibits the release of LH and gnRH.

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6
Q

What components are involved in homeostasis? State and describe their role.

A

Disruptor or stimulus: disrupts homeostasis; changes a homeostatic parameter
Detector: receptor that detects the disruption
Control system: manages, commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other devices or systems using control loops
Effector: carries out the necessary action as directed by control system to achieve homeostasis again

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7
Q

How does exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine: Excrete chemicals outside of the body using ducts. e.g., sweat, oil
Endocrine: ductless and secrete hormone or other products directly into the bloodstream to act on a distant target or organ.

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8
Q

For the following glands, state their location, the hormones they secrete, and the main functions of these hormones or of the gland itself:

  • Pineal
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal Glands
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Testis
A
  • Pineal: in the brain - melatonin - sleep cycle (circadian rhythm)
  • Hypothalamus: in the brain - releasing hormones, e.g. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - sleep, wakefulness, hunger, thirst, body temperature
  • Pituitary: in the brain - e.g. Luteinizing hormone, ACTH, TSH, FSH
  • Thyroid: in the neck - T3, T4, thyroxine (metabolism), calcitonin (reabsorption of Ca2+ into the bones)
  • Parathyroid: 4 glands behind the thyroid - Parathyroid hormone - reabsorption of Ca2+ back into the blood
  • Thymus: in the upper chest region - Thymosin (stimulates T cell maturation)
  • Adrenal Glands: ini the abdomen - cortisol, noradrenaline, adrenaline - involved in fight or flight response, metabolism, blood pressure, water balance
  • Pancreas: in the abdomen - exo- and endocrine features - digestive enzymes as well as insulin - role in digestion and blood sugar regulation
  • Ovary: in the pelvis/abdomen - progesterone and estrogen - female sexual development
  • Testis: in the groin - testosterone - male sexual development
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9
Q

What is the general breakdown of the nervous system?

What is the primary neurotransmitters of the ANS?

A

Central Nervous and Peripheral Nervous System
Central NS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral NS breaks down into Autonomic NS and Somatic NS (main NT is Acetylcholine).
Somatic NS consists of the the cranial and spinal nerves and involves mainly voluntary functions/movement.
Autonomic NS breaks down into Sympathetic NS (main NT is noradrenaline) and Parasympathetic NS (main NT is Acetylcholine). These involve involuntary functions.

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