Session 1 Introduction Flashcards
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
AI is the study and development of systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and decision-making.
Who coined the term Artificial Intelligence, and when?
John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence during the Dartmouth Workshop in 1956.
What are the four primary approaches to AI?
- Acting Humanly (Turing Test)
- Thinking Humanly (Cognitive Modeling)
- Thinking Rationally (Laws of Thought)
- Acting Rationally (Rational Agent Approach)
What is the Turing Test?
The Turing Test evaluates a machine’s ability to exhibit human-like behavior through text-based communication with a human interrogator.
What additional capabilities are required for the Total Turing Test?
• Computer Vision (to interpret visual inputs)
• Robotics (to manipulate objects and interact with the physical environment)
What is the focus of the Thinking Humanly approach?
The Thinking Humanly approach aims to replicate human thought processes through cognitive modeling, using techniques like introspection, psychological experiments, and brain imaging.
What are the key challenges of the Thinking Humanly approach?
• Human thought is often irrational and inconsistent.
• Simulating human cognition is computationally complex.
What is the Thinking Rationally approach based on?
It is based on the formal rules of logic and reasoning, originating from Aristotle’s syllogisms.
What is a major limitation of the Thinking Rationally approach?
It struggles with uncertainty and incomplete information, which are common in real-world scenarios.
What is the focus of the Acting Rationally approach?
The Acting Rationally approach focuses on designing agents that take actions to achieve optimal outcomes based on available information.
What is a rational agent?
A rational agent perceives its environment through sensors, acts upon it through actuators, and aims to achieve its goals efficiently.
What is the historical significance of the Dartmouth Workshop?
It marked the formal birth of AI as a scientific field in 1956, bringing together key researchers like John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky.
Who was Alan Turing, and what was his contribution to AI?
Alan Turing was a pioneer in computer science who proposed the Turing Test to evaluate machine intelligence and played a key role in early AI development.
What is Shakey the Robot?
Shakey was the first mobile robot (1969) that combined perception, reasoning, and action to navigate and complete tasks.
What are expert systems, and provide two examples?
Expert systems are rule-based systems designed to solve problems within specific domains.
• Example 1: DENDRAL (chemical analysis)
• Example 2: MYCIN (medical diagnosis)
What is the significance of neural networks in AI?
Neural networks, inspired by the human brain, enable machines to learn and recognize patterns, forming the basis of modern deep learning.
What caused the AI Winter in the 1970s and 1980s?
• Limited computational power
• Lack of large datasets
• Overpromising and underdelivering by researchers
How did AI revive in the 1980s?
Advances in neural networks (e.g., backpropagation), expert systems, and probabilistic models led to renewed interest and applications in AI.
What are Bayesian Networks?
Bayesian Networks are probabilistic graphical models that represent the dependencies among variables to reason under uncertainty.
What are reinforcement learning systems inspired by?
Reinforcement learning systems are inspired by behavioral psychology, using rewards and penalties to guide learning.
Name three contributing disciplines to AI.
- Philosophy: Provides logic and reasoning frameworks.
- Mathematics: Develops algorithms and models for decision-making.
- Neuroscience: Inspires neural networks.
What is the Traveler’s Problem?
It is a conceptual example demonstrating how rational agents explore and optimize routes to achieve their goals in dynamic environments.
What is an example of reflexive behavior in AI?
Robotic vacuum cleaners avoiding obstacles during cleaning demonstrate reflexive behavior.
What is the primary goal of AI in transportation?
To enable autonomous vehicles and optimize traffic management systems using real-time data.
How does AI assist in healthcare?
AI aids in diagnostics, drug development, personalized treatment, and surgical precision.
What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
NLP enables machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
Name an example of an AI system that passed the Turing Test.
The Eugene Goostman chatbot (2014) passed the Turing Test by mimicking a 13-year-old boy.
What are some key uses of AI in Human-Computer Interaction?
• Virtual assistants (e.g., Alexa, Siri)
• Chatbots for customer service
What is the significance of Aristotle in AI?
Aristotle’s syllogisms laid the foundation for formal logic, which underpins reasoning systems in AI.
What is the importance of optimization in AI?
Optimization ensures that AI systems achieve the best possible outcomes within resource constraints.
What role does linguistics play in AI?
Linguistics provides the foundation for NLP by studying syntax, semantics, and grammar.
What are feedback loops in AI systems?
Feedback loops help agents learn by rewarding correct actions and penalizing incorrect ones.
What is an example of AI in the culinary field?
AI systems generate new recipes by analyzing ingredient combinations and flavor profiles.
What is the Rational Agent Approach?
An approach in AI where agents act to maximize goal achievement based on available information.
What are the four capabilities required for passing the Turing Test?
- Natural Language Processing
- Knowledge Representation
- Automated Reasoning
- Machine Learning
How does AI use probabilistic reasoning?
AI uses probabilistic models like Bayesian Networks to make decisions under uncertainty.
What is the role of computer engineering in AI?
Computer engineering provides the hardware and computational tools for implementing AI, such as GPUs for deep learning.
What are reinforcement learning’s key features?
• Learning through trial and error
• Use of rewards and penalties to guide behavior
What is the importance of ethics in AI?
Ethics ensure AI systems are transparent, unbiased, and aligned with human values.
How does AI impact creative fields?
AI generates original content, such as music, art, and written articles, using generative models.
What is the significance of MYCIN?
MYCIN was an early expert system used to diagnose infectious diseases and recommend treatments.
How does AI handle dynamic environments?
AI uses real-time data and feedback mechanisms to adapt to changing conditions.
What is an autonomous agent?
An agent capable of operating independently, perceiving its environment, and acting to achieve its goals.
What is an example of a successful AI application in industry?
R1, an expert system, saved the Digital Equipment Corporation $40 million annually by optimizing computer configurations.
What are game AI’s primary features?
Game AI agents optimize strategies, adapt to opponents, and act rationally to achieve in-game objectives.
What is the connection between neuroscience and AI?
Neuroscience inspires neural network designs and learning algorithms, mimicking biological neurons.
How does AI contribute to education?
AI powers personalized learning platforms, adapting to individual student needs and progress.
What is the significance of the A* algorithm?
The A* algorithm is a pathfinding and graph traversal algorithm used in robotics and navigation systems.
How does AI improve decision-making?
AI analyzes large datasets to provide insights, predict trends, and recommend actions.
What is the main challenge of the Acting Rationally approach?
Balancing computational limitations with the need for optimal decisions in dynamic environments.
