Session 1- intorduction to muscoskeletal anatomy

Question 1

Thorax

Answer 1

Upper part of torso from bottom of neck to diaphragm (internal muscular sheet that separates the thorax from the abdomen).

Question 2

Abdomen

Answer 2

Central part of torso between diaphragm and top of pelvis bone

Question 3

Pelvis

Answer 3

Region below abdomen and above lower limbs (bony skeleton in this region is also called pelvis)

Question 4

Arm vs forearm

Answer 4

Upper part of limb and lower part of limb

Question 5

Thigh vs leg

Answer 5

Upper part of limb and lower part of limb

Question 6

meaning of and example:
superior
inferior
anterior/ventral
posterior/dorsal
medial
lateral
proximal
distal
ipsilateral
contralateral

Answer 6

above
below
in front of
back (behind)
closer to centre line
further from centre line
closer to the origin
further from origin
same side of body
opposite side of the body

Question 7

meaning of and example:
deep
superficial
crainial
caudal
rostral

Answer 7

further from surface
closer to surface
towards the head
towards the ‘tail’
towards the face

Question 8

prone

Answer 8

position of lying on front face down

Question 8

supine

Answer 8

position of lying on back face up

Question 9

Name the three anatomical planes

Answer 9

coronal- cuts body into anterior and posterior
sagittal - (side on) cuts into left and right
transverse - also know as axial or horizontal

Question 10

the skeleton can be divided into two parts, describe these?

Answer 10

axial- core parts: skull, vertebral columns, ribs and sternum
appendicular- bones of limbs, including scapulae, clavicales and hip bones

Question 11

Describe synovial joints

Answer 11

Synovial joints - small synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid seperates the articular surfaces of the bones, joint capsule has two layers:outer fibrous capsule and a synovial membrane, articular surfaces are covered in ‘hyaline; crtilage, lots of movement

Question 12

Describe fibrous joints

Answer 12

Fibrous joints - connect two bones togetehr via strong fibrous tissue, very little movement

Question 13

Describe cartilaginous joints, 2 subtypes and examples

Answer 13

primary cartilaginous: joints connected by hyaline cartilage which alows flexibilty e.g. where ribs meet sternum

secondary cartilaginous: joints connected by fibrocartilage plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces, flexible but strong e.g. intervertebral discs in spine

Question 14

Classification of synovial joints
name 6 joints, range of movement, an example, how many planes can move in

Answer 14

ball and socket- shoulder joint, hip joint, highly mobile and allow significant movement in all directions, better the fit the less mobile

hinge- significant movement but only in one plane e.g. elbow and knee, allow only flexion and extension

pivot- rotational movement only, e.g. between first and second vertebrate allowing rotaion of head

saddle- shaped like a rider sitting on a saddle, allow movement in 2 planes, at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

condyloid- like ball and socket but joints are oval, allow good movement but only on two planes, wrist joint and metacarpolphalangeal joint of thumb (knuckles), alloes flexion and extension and abduction and adduction

plane- articuklar surfaces are flat, movement is limited e.g. between small carpal bones of wrist

Question 15

what are ligaments and what is a sprain

Answer 15

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, can strech over time to become hypermobile

A sprain occurs when ligaments are overstreched, if overstreched too far can become permantly lax and that is why people sometimes have recurrent dislocations

Question 16

supination

Answer 16

unique to forearm: external rotation of radius so palms face anteriorly

Question 17

pronation

Answer 17

unique to forearm: internal rotation of radius so palms face posteriorly e.g when using laptop

Question 18

external rotation

Answer 18

rotation away from midline

Question 19

flexion

Answer 19

bending (decrease angle between two parts)

Question 20

internal roation

Answer 20

rotating towards midline

Question 21

extension

Answer 21

straightening (increasing angle between two parts)

Question 22

lateral flexion

Answer 22

unique to vertebral column (bending sideways)

Question 23

abduction

Answer 23

movement away from midline

Question 24

adduction

Answer 24

movement towards midline

Question 26

Define:
Opposition

Circumduction

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion
Inversion
Eversion
Protraction

Retraction

Elevation

Depression

Answer 26

unique to thumb and little finger: flexion and roation so they can reach eachother
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adductions so appendage makes a circular pattern
Unique to ankle: foot and toes move superiorly towards shin
Unique to ankle: foot and toes move inferiorly
Unique to foot: flex inwards so sole faces medially
Unique to foot: flex outwards so sole faces laterally
Unique to scapula and mandible: moving either anteriorly (arm out to push door)
Unique to scapula and mandible: moving either posteriorly (squaring shoulders)
Unique to scapula and mandible: moving either superiorly (shrug shoulders, open both)
Unique to scapula and mandible: moving either inferiorly (bring shoulders down, close mouth)

Question 27

Classification of muscles, 3 types and general description

Answer 27

skeletal- found through whole body, provide sipport for body and move joints and some soft tissue e.g. eyeball and tongue, under voluntary controll and are striated

smooth- found in blood vessels and internal organs, involuntary and controlled by autonomic nervous system, not striated

cardiac- autonomic nervous system influences rate that elecrtical impulses sent to cause muscle to contract and is therefore involuntary controll, cells are striated

Question 28

Tendons - what are they, shape e.g., use of insertion and origin

Answer 28

tendons attach skeletal muscle to bones or soft tissue, they are made up of strong connective tissues, tendons can be round or flat (aponeurosis), aponeuroses (pl.) are found in scalp and abdominal wall.

muscles between tendons described as muscle ‘belly’, when musscle contracts one structure attached moves (insertion) and one part does not (origin)

Question 29

shapes of skeletal muscles, parallel:
mention two subtypes and how quickly and powerful they can contract

Answer 29

Parallel- can shorten significantly and quickly but less powerful, 2 subtypes fusiform (e.g. biceps brachii) and strap (belt shaped and unifrom at muscle belly.g. sartorious in thigh)

Question 30

shapes of skeletal muscles: convergent

Answer 30

Convergent- fan shaped (e.g. pectorals major on anterior thoracic wall)

Question 31

shapes of skeletal muscles: circular

Answer 31

Circular- arranged in concentric rings often called sphincters e.g. muscle arround eyes and mouth

Question 32

shapes of skeletal muscles: pennate
how powerful is contraction

Answer 32

Pennate- arranged at angle to direction muscle acts, can’t shorten as musch as parallel but are more powerful, 3 subtypes:

unipennate: fibres arrange diagonally on one side of tendon e.g. extensor digitorum longus in leg
bipennate: firbres arrange diagonally on both sides of tendon e.g. rectum femoris in thigh
tripennate: appear like multiple bipennate muscles all converging to one tendon e.g. deltoid in shoulder

Question 33

what is a motor unit?

Answer 33

composed of a single motor nuerone, its axon and the muscle fibres it supplies. vary greatly in size

Question 34

Gross (visible) anatomy

Answer 34

1. ball and socket
2. one large bone in proximal part
3. hinge joint
4. two bones in middle part
5. collection of small bones at distal part
6. 5 digits
7. one digit larger than others

Question 35

adaptions of upper limb

Answer 35

evolved for dexterity-
shoulder joint has shallow socket and lax ligaments allowing range of movement, long fingers

Question 36

adaptions of lower limb

Answer 36

evolved for bipedal locomotion (walking on lower limbs) and support weight
hip joint has deep socket and strong ligaments, foot and toes adapted for weight bearing

Question 37

Names of parts of upper limb

Answer 37

1. scapula
2. shoulder joint
3. humerus
4. elbow joint
5. ulna (medial) and radius (lateral)
6. carpal bones
7. metacarpals and phalanges

Question 38

Name parts of lower limb

Answer 38

1. pelvis
2. hip joint
3. femur
4. knee joint
5. tibia (medial) and fibia (lateral)
6. tarsal bones
7. metatarsals and phalanges

Question 39

The vertebral column- explain in detail the layout of the verterbrae

Answer 39

also known as spine, contains 33 vertabrae and divided into 5 sections

1. cervical- 7 cervical (C1-C7) in neck
2. thoracic- 12 thoracic (T1-T12) In thorax
3. lumbar- 5 lumbar (L1-L5) in abdomen
4. Sacral- 5 sacral (S1-S5) in pelvis fused to sacrum
5. Coccygeal- 4 coccygeal (Co1-Co4) in pelvis fused to coccyx

7,12,5,5,4

Question 40

describe general shape of vertebral column, what areas curve anteriorly and what areior curve posteriorly and what are they called?

Answer 40

the cervical and lumbar segments curve anteriorly forming cervical lordosis
the thoracic and sacral segments curve posteriorly forming thoracic kyphosis and sacral kyphosis

Question 41

what connects vertabrates together?

Answer 41

synovial facet joints, intervertebral discs(support weight and absorb shocks) and different types of ligaments