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CVS - SEM2 > Session 1 - CVS Anatomy & Imaging > Flashcards

Session 1 - CVS Anatomy & Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of the heart & its position in situ (6)

A
  • Lies in the middle mediastinum
  • Lies behind the sternum & directly above the diaphragm
  • 4 chambres - 2 atria & 2 ventricles
  • 4 valves - tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral & aortic
  • 2 auricles at top of atria
  • Apex at tip of LV
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2
Q

What is the equation for the cardio thoracic ratio (CTR)? What does a high CTR suggest

A

CTR = cardiac diameter (CD) / thoracic diameter (TD)

High CTR (> 0.50) suggests cardiac disorder eg heart failure

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the pericardium

A

Made up of 2 layers, a fibrous outer layer and a DOUBLE serous inner layer
- Fibrous outer layer is made up of dense irregular connective tissue
- Serous double layer is made up of a parietal and a visceral layer
- Parietal layer is under the fibrous pericardium
- Visceral layer is the epicardium & lays over heart
- There is fluid between 2 serous membranes which lubricates & prevents friction during heart contractions

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4
Q

What are the function of the pericardium?

A
  • Protects the heart
  • Holds heart in place within the mediastinum
  • Lubricates to prevent friction during heart contractions
  • Prevents extreme dilatation of the heart during sudden rises in intracardiac volume
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5
Q

How are the phrenic nerves related to the pericardium?

A

Left phrenic nerve connects to pericardium, provides sensory innervation stimulation to pericardium

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6
Q

What are the problems associated with the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac?

A
  • Excess fluid within the serous layers of pericardium compresses heart & putting pressure => prevents heart chambers from filling completely => pericardial effusion
  • Cardiac tamponade = heart doesn’t expand normally = less blood can enter heart from body = reduce amount of oxygenated blood going out body
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7
Q

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the RA?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

Which valve pushes blood from the RA to the RV?

A

Tricuspid valve

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9
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the RV to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary trunk

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10
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the lungs to the LA?

A

Pulmonary vein

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11
Q

Which valve pushes blood from LA to LV?

A

Mitral valve

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12
Q

Which valve pushes blood from RA to the pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary valve

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13
Q

Which valve pushes blood from the LV to the aorta?

A

aortic valve

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14
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood LV to the body?

A

the aorta

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15
Q

Which blood vessels supply blood to heart muscles?

A

Right, left and circumflex coronary artery

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16
Q

State the normal cardiac output for an average adult male at rest

A

5L/min (4-6L/min)

17
Q

What is the difference between plasma & serum?

A

Plasma = fluid of unclotted blood containing clotting factors
Serum = fluid remaining after blood has clotted

18
Q

How does increasing cell number in the blood affect the blood?

A

increases blood viscosity
=> sludgy thick blood
=> lead to dry gangrene in peripheries

19
Q

How does increasing plasma proteins affect the blood? Why may plasma proteins increase?

A

change plasma viscosity
Increase due to inflammation, blood cancers eg multiple myeloma & viral infections eg hepatitis B

20
Q

Explain the effect of viscosity on the flow of blood

A

Increased viscosity increases the resistance to blood flow in blood vessels which increases the workload of the heart causing slow blood flow & impaired organ perfusion

21
Q

What does the term flow mean?

A

Flow is the volume of blood transferred per unit in time (mL/min for blood)

22
Q

What factors affect the flow of blood?

A
  • Ability for blood to flow: Flow = K(ΔP)
  • Measure of difficulty of flow, resistance, R = 1/K => R = ΔP/Flow (mmHg min/mL)
  • Darcy’s Law: Flow = ΔP/R
23
Q

What does velocity mean? How do you calculate velocity?

A

Velocity (V) is the distance blood (fluid) moves in a given time (cm/s)

Flow = Velocity x Area (cross-sectional area)
(Area = πr2 so F ∝ V times r2)

At constant flow, V inversely rated to r2 = V ∝ 1/r2

24
Q

What factors affect the velocity of blood? Why is velocity slower in capillaries & how does this apply to their function?

A

Velocity decreases as cross-sectional area increases (inversely proportional

  • Lower velocity in capillaries than in aorta because capillaries have a very vast cross-sectional area (more than aorta)
  • Allows time for gas exchange of nutrients and oxygen in capillaries
  • If velocity was too high in capillaries, structure wouldn’t withstand it
25
Q

Describe laminar flow.

A

Smooth, silent, moves in streamlines, orderly movement, maintains energy & typical of most arteries, arterioles, venules & veins

26
Q

Describe turbulent flow.

A

disorganised & noisy, energy is lost

27
Q

How is arterial blood pressure measured?

A

Mean arterial blood pressure = CO x TPR

  • Cardiac output = total flow output & total peripheral resistance = R
  • CO = SV x HR
28
Q

What is pulse pressure? How is it calculated from systolic & diastolic pressure?

A

Pulse pressure (PP) = volume of blood ejected, and the compliance of the arterial system governs PP

PP = Systolic blood pressure (SBP) – Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

29
Q

How is the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) calculated from systolic (SBP) and diastolic pressure (DBP)

A

MAP = DBP + [(SBP-DBP)/3] = DBP + 1/3 PP

30
Q

Explain how the arterial pulse is generated

A

When the heart pushes blood into the aorta, the blood’s impact on the elastic walls creates a pressure wave that continues along the arteries. This impact is the pulse.

31
Q

Describe the effect of gravity on arterial and venous pressure

A

Blood pressure different if measured above or below level of the heart:

If BP is measured above level of heart = LOWER than if measured below level of heart

If BP is measured below level of heart = HIGHER than if measured above level of heart

32
Q

What is the role of gravity in terms of pressure in blood flow?

A

Gravity maintains a pressure gradient allowing blood flow from heart to foot when standing

33
Q

What factors affect venous pressure?

A

decrease in venous compliance (when veins constrict) or increase in body volume = increases venous pressure,

34
Q

What are the 3 layers of arteries & veins (in order)?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

35
Q

What are 3 causes of laminar flow changing to turbulent?

A
  • Blood passes an obstruction, e.g. stenosis.
  • Blood passes over rough surface, e.g. atherosclerosis.
  • Resistance to blood flow is increased, e.g. hypertension.

CVS - SEM2 (4 decks)

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