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Y2 HNS Anatomy (LCRS2) > Session 1: Cranium, Meninges and Brain > Flashcards

Session 1: Cranium, Meninges and Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the facial skeleton?

A

Visceroskeleton

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the cranium?

A

Vault and Base

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3
Q

Name all the cranial bones.

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

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4
Q

Name all the facial bones.

A

Mandible, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Inferior Nasal Concha, Vomer, Palatine

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5
Q

What are the gaps between the bones in the skull during development called?

A

Fontanelles

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6
Q

What is the shape of the sphenoid bone and what its two parts?

A

Butterfly shaped – it has a greater and lesser wing

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7
Q

Which bone has the upper teeth attached to it?

A

Maxilla

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8
Q

What is another name for the conchae and what is their role?

A

Turbinate Bones – they increase the surface area of the upper respiratory tract

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9
Q

What are the tough fibrous joints between bones in the skull called?

A

Sutures

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10
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint within the skull.

A

Temporo-mandibular Joint

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11
Q

Give the names of the sutures between a) frontal and parietal bones, b) parietal bones and c) parietal and occipital bone.

A

Coronal Suture
Sagittal Suture
Lambdoid Suture

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12
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the sagittal suture meets the coronal suture?

A

Bregma

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13
Q

What is the name given to the point at which the sagittal suture meets the lambdoid suture?

A

Lambda

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the ethmoid bone?

A

Orbital Plate
Middle Nasal Concha
Perpendicular Plate

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15
Q

What is the name of the hole in the mandible through which a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels pass?

A

Mental Foramen

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16
Q

What are the two foramina found above and below the orbit?

A

Supraorbital Foramen

Infraorbital Foramen

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17
Q

What is the name of the midline notch just below the nose?

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

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18
Q

Which bones form the medial part of the orbit?

A

Orbital plate of ethmoid
Frontal process of maxilla
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Lacrimal

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19
Q

What are the parts of the temporal bone?

A 
Squamous 
Tympanic (external acoustic meatus) 
Zygomatic Process 
Mastoid  
Petrous
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20
Q

What part of the mandible that protrudes under the zygomatic bone?

A

Coronoid Process

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21
Q

What part of the mandible advances towards the tempero-mandibular joint?

A

Ramus

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22
Q

What is the name of the flat part of the occipital bone?

A

Squamous part

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23
Q

What is the name of the suture between the occipital and temporal bones?

A

Occipitomastoid Suture

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24
Q

What are the two horizontal ridges found on the occipital bone?

A

Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines

25
Q

What is the midline protrusion of the occipital bone called?

A

External Occipital Protuberance

26
Q

What is the name given to the highest point of this protrusion?

27
Q

What is the name of the ridge that goes from the external occipital protuberance downwards to the foramen magnum?

A

External Occipital Crest

28
Q

How can the cranial base be divided?

A

Anterior, Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae

29
Q

Which layer of the meninges goes in and out of the sulci?

30
Q

What are the two layers of dura in the cranium?

A

Periosteal and Meningeal

31
Q

What difference between the cranial dura and spinal dura allows for an epidural space?

A

At the foramen magnum the dura goes from having two layers (periosteal and meningeal) to just one layer (equivalent of the meningeal layer).
This means that there is an epidural space.

32
Q

What drains into the venous blood filled spaces between dural layers?

A

CSF via the arachnoid villi

33
Q

Describe the arrangement of dural venous sinuses and the direction of blood flow.

A

There is a separation between the dural layers at the top of the falx forming the superior sagittal sinus.
There is another separation at the bottom of the falx forming the inferior sagittal sinus. The inferior sagittal sinus drains into the straight sinus, which then joins the superior sagittal sinus, and the two transverse sinuses at the confluence of sinuses. The blood drains to the confluence of sinuses and then along the transverse sinuses to the sigmoid sinus, which then forms the internal jugular vein.

34
Q

What flat sheet of dura (with a small hole in it) keeps the pituitary gland in the sella turcica?

A

Diaphragma sellae

35
Q

List three different types of brain herniation and their consequences.

A

Subfalcine – part of the frontal lobe goes under the falx cerebri
Uncal – medial part of the temporal lobe goes under the tentorium cerebelli – which affects the midbrain and can cause unconsciousness
Tonsilar – cerebellar tonsils go through the foramen magnum – this can affect the medulla and cause cardiorespiratory failure

36
Q

Which two main vessels supply the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

37
Q

There is a weak point in the skull behind which you find the largest artery entering the skull. Name the part of the skull in question and the artery.

A

Pterion – middle meningeal artery

38
Q

What is the clinical relevance of this arrangement?

A

This is a possible site for extradural haemorrhage

39
Q

Which veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

There is also communication with the pterygoid plexus

40
Q

Which vein is joined to the end of the straight sinus at the pointwhere the inferior sagittal sinus joins the straight sinus?

A

Great cerebral vein

41
Q

What is the pterygoid plexus?

A

A venous plexus of considerable size that is situated between the temporalis muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle, and partly between the two pterygoid muscles

42
Q

Which sinus connects the two inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

Basilar Sinus

43
Q

Name three structures found within the cavernous sinus.

A

Internal carotid artery
Various cranial nerves (occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal (ophthalmic and maxillary divisions) and abducens)
Pituitary Gland

44
Q

What is the structure that separates the two lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum

45
Q

What structure contains the main fibre tracts going up and down from the cortex?

A

Internal capsule

46
Q

What structure is medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule in a brain cut in the transverse plane?

47
Q

What are the different tissue layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin  
Connective Tissue 
Aponeurosis 
Loose Areolar Tissue  
Periosteum
48
Q

What type of intracranial haemorrhage is associated with damage to the middle meningeal artery?

A

Epidural Haemorrhage

49
Q

What is the tentorial notch and what is its clinical significance?

A

Tentorial notch is a triangular opening in the tentorium cerebelli through which the brainstem extends from the posterior to the middle cranialfossa. In the case of increased intracranial pressure, part of the temporal lobe could be pushed through this opening.

50
Q

Which major arteries pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Vertebral arteries

51
Q

List all the cranial nerves and the foramine through which they pass

A

Olfactory (I) – Cribiform Plate
Optic (II) – Optic Canal
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (ophthalmic – V1 (V)) and Abducens (VI) – Superior Orbital Fissure
Facial (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII) – Internal Acoustic Meatus
Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X) and Accessory (XI) – Jugular Foramen
Hypoglossal (XII) – Hypoglossal Canal

52
Q

List the three branches of the trigeminal nerve and the foramina through which they pass

A

Ophthalmic – Superior Orbital Fissure
Maxillary – Foramen Rotundum
Mandibular – Foramen Ovale

53
Q

Which vessel passes through the optic canal?

A

Ophthalmic Artery

54
Q

Which vessel passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Superior Ophthalmic Vein and Inferior Ophthalmic Vein

55
Q

Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery and vein pass through?

A

Foramen Spinosum

56
Q

Which foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through?

A

Carotid Canal

57
Q

Which vessel passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Labyrinthine Artery

58
Q

Which vessel passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Sigmoid Sinus –> Internal Jugular Vein

59
Q

Which foramen do the spinal roots of the accessory nerve pass through?

A

Foramen Magnum

Y2 HNS Anatomy (LCRS2) (6 decks)

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