Session 1- Cell Overview

Question 1

What is the Central Dogma of Biology

Answer 1

Shows flow of information

DNA–>RNA—> Protein

Question 2

Why is Virus not a cell

Answer 2

Need to hijack living systems in order to survive and reproduce

Question 3

Difference between Bacterial and Human cell

Answer 3

Bacterial cells contain plasmids, Slime capsule, cell wall genetic info not enclosed in nuclear membrane

Question 4

Role of nucleus

Answer 4

Contain cell genetic info + control cell activity. Encased in porous nuclear envelope

Question 5

Role of nucleolus

Answer 5

Site for Ribosome Biogenesis

Question 6

Role of RER

Answer 6

Translation by capturing mRNA.

Question 7

Role of SER

Answer 7

intracellular Lipid production + Metabolism, steroid + hormone production. CA2+ storage. Phospolipid in plasmalemma

Question 8

Role of Ribsomes

Answer 8

Protein Synthesis

Question 9

3 Layers of golgi

Answer 9

(top to bottom)
Cis Cisternae
Medial Cisternae
Trans Cisternae

Question 10

Role of Golgi

Answer 10

Post transational modifications inti protein final form

Question 11

Role of Mitochondria

Answer 11

produce ATP from respiration. Fatty acid synthesis + carb metabolism

Question 12

Light microscope vs SEM

Answer 12

See gross structure of cell (light)

SEM in colour, 3D + higher magnification

Question 13

How can stains be added to cell specimen under microscope

Answer 13

Fluorescent dye with Antibody or an organic chem

Question 14

what can morphological changes of a cell be indicative of?

Answer 14

mutations within cells + abnormal behaviour. Changes in surface protein= disease (?)

Question 15

What are totipotent cells

Answer 15

produce ALL cell types to produce new organism. Include cells found in placenta + those that make embryo

Question 16

What are pluripotent cells

Answer 16

produce NEARLY all cell types. can form almost all 3 germ layers

Question 17

What are the 3 germ layers

Answer 17

Endoderm- innermost layer in embryo
Mesoderm- middle layer in embryo
Ectoderm- outermost layer in embryo

Question 18

which systems do endoderm layer make

Answer 18

lining of gut + assoc structures

Question 19

Which systems do mesoderm layer make

Answer 19

Cartilage, muscle+bone

Question 20

which systems does ectoderm make

Answer 20

epidermis, nerve tissue

Question 21

What are multipotent cells

Answer 21

produce cells of closely related family

Question 22

What are oligopotent cells

Answer 22

produce cells of SAME family

Question 23

What are unipotent cells

Answer 23

produce ONE cell type. Can self renew

Question 24

What is plasmalemma made up of

Answer 24

phospholipid + proteins

Question 25

why is phospholipid considered to be amphipathic

Answer 25

polar hydrophilic 'head' + hydrophobic 'tail'

Question 26

what is phospholipid?

Answer 26

2 Fatty acid chain (carbon hydrogen oxygen) connected to glycerol connected to phosphate group

Question 27

what are cells covered in

Answer 27

sheet of H2O

Question 28

why does dna have 'grooves'

Answer 28

allow for protein interactions: gene expression + org around histone

Question 29

What is a nucleotide

Answer 29

pentose ring conjugated to nitrogenous base via glycosidic bond + pentose ring connected to phosphate group via ester (phosphodiester) bond

Question 30

What is a Codon

Answer 30

groups of 3 bases on coding strand that provide instructions to ribosomes on which A.A to produce and in what sequence

Question 31

what is the first codon of every gene

Answer 31

ATG(AUG)=Methionine

Question 32

what does the term 'degenerative' mean in regards to DNA

Answer 32

Universal. Multiple codons code for same A.A. Codons not conserved between species.

Question 33

Generally, Eukaryotes are...

Answer 33

Membrane bound organelles, specialised, DNA enclosed, multicellular

Question 34

Generally, Prokaryotes are...

Answer 34

simple, unicellular, not membrane enclosed genetic info

Question 35

function of Cytosol

Answer 35

Hold free ribosomes, metabolism, protein synthesis (they are intracellular fluid)

Question 36

Role of Cytoskeleton

Answer 36

Maintain cell shape + movement + involved in intracellular transport

Question 37

role of lysosome

Answer 37

intracellular degradation (apoptosis). detoxification.

Question 38

role of endosome

Answer 38

Cellular uptake of Cholestrol, removal of receptors in plasmalemma, uptake of smol molecule + H2O. Internalization of large particles

Question 39

how are endosomes formed

Answer 39

endocytosis (they are membrane bound vesicles)

Question 40

role of proteosome

Answer 40

enzyme complex involved in apoptosis

Question 41

role of peroxisome

Answer 41

membrane bound organelles contain enzymes that facilitate metabolic reaction + detoxify substances

Question 42

cytoplasm role

Answer 42

metabolism of nucleotide, carbs, a.a. Intermediary Metabolism

Question 43

role of plasmalemma

Answer 43

Cell morphology movement + transport of smol ions + molecules

Question 44

Why does nuclear membrane disintegrate in mitosis?

Answer 44

Allow space for separation of chromatids (non microtubule + microtubule kinetochord connection space)

Question 45

function of cytoplasmic extentions

Answer 45

signal neighbouring cels

Question 46

which is bigger lysosome or peroxisomel

Answer 46

lysosome

Question 47

what does lysosome contain

Answer 47

lysozyme enzyme responsible for breakdown of cell

Question 48

what class of compound in secretory vesicles in pancreatic islet cell

Answer 48

neurotransmitters or protein