Session 1- Cell Overview Flashcards
What is the Central Dogma of Biology
Shows flow of information
DNA–>RNA—> Protein
Why is Virus not a cell
Need to hijack living systems in order to survive and reproduce
Difference between Bacterial and Human cell
Bacterial cells contain plasmids, Slime capsule, cell wall genetic info not enclosed in nuclear membrane
Role of nucleus
Contain cell genetic info + control cell activity. Encased in porous nuclear envelope
Role of nucleolus
Site for Ribosome Biogenesis
Role of RER
Translation by capturing mRNA.
Role of SER
intracellular Lipid production + Metabolism, steroid + hormone production. CA2+ storage. Phospolipid in plasmalemma
Role of Ribsomes
Protein Synthesis
3 Layers of golgi
(top to bottom)
Cis Cisternae
Medial Cisternae
Trans Cisternae
Role of Golgi
Post transational modifications inti protein final form
Role of Mitochondria
produce ATP from respiration. Fatty acid synthesis + carb metabolism
Light microscope vs SEM
See gross structure of cell (light)
SEM in colour, 3D + higher magnification
How can stains be added to cell specimen under microscope
Fluorescent dye with Antibody or an organic chem
what can morphological changes of a cell be indicative of?
mutations within cells + abnormal behaviour. Changes in surface protein= disease (?)
What are totipotent cells
produce ALL cell types to produce new organism. Include cells found in placenta + those that make embryo
What are pluripotent cells
produce NEARLY all cell types. can form almost all 3 germ layers
What are the 3 germ layers
Endoderm- innermost layer in embryo
Mesoderm- middle layer in embryo
Ectoderm- outermost layer in embryo
which systems do endoderm layer make
lining of gut + assoc structures
Which systems do mesoderm layer make
Cartilage, muscle+bone
which systems does ectoderm make
epidermis, nerve tissue
What are multipotent cells
produce cells of closely related family
What are oligopotent cells
produce cells of SAME family
What are unipotent cells
produce ONE cell type. Can self renew
What is plasmalemma made up of
phospholipid + proteins
why is phospholipid considered to be amphipathic
polar hydrophilic ‘head’ + hydrophobic ‘tail’
what is phospholipid?
2 Fatty acid chain (carbon hydrogen oxygen) connected to glycerol connected to phosphate group
what are cells covered in
sheet of H2O
why does dna have ‘grooves’
allow for protein interactions: gene expression + org around histone
What is a nucleotide
pentose ring conjugated to nitrogenous base via glycosidic bond + pentose ring connected to phosphate group via ester (phosphodiester) bond
What is a Codon
groups of 3 bases on coding strand that provide instructions to ribosomes on which A.A to produce and in what sequence
what is the first codon of every gene
ATG(AUG)=Methionine
what does the term ‘degenerative’ mean in regards to DNA
Universal. Multiple codons code for same A.A. Codons not conserved between species.
Generally, Eukaryotes are…
Membrane bound organelles, specialised, DNA enclosed, multicellular
Generally, Prokaryotes are…
simple, unicellular, not membrane enclosed genetic info
function of Cytosol
Hold free ribosomes, metabolism, protein synthesis (they are intracellular fluid)
Role of Cytoskeleton
Maintain cell shape + movement + involved in intracellular transport
role of lysosome
intracellular degradation (apoptosis). detoxification.
role of endosome
Cellular uptake of Cholestrol, removal of receptors in plasmalemma, uptake of smol molecule + H2O. Internalization of large particles
how are endosomes formed
endocytosis (they are membrane bound vesicles)
role of proteosome
enzyme complex involved in apoptosis
role of peroxisome
membrane bound organelles contain enzymes that facilitate metabolic reaction + detoxify substances
cytoplasm role
metabolism of nucleotide, carbs, a.a. Intermediary Metabolism
role of plasmalemma
Cell morphology movement + transport of smol ions + molecules
Why does nuclear membrane disintegrate in mitosis?
Allow space for separation of chromatids (non microtubule + microtubule kinetochord connection space)
function of cytoplasmic extentions
signal neighbouring cels
which is bigger lysosome or peroxisomel
lysosome
what does lysosome contain
lysozyme enzyme responsible for breakdown of cell
what class of compound in secretory vesicles in pancreatic islet cell
neurotransmitters or protein
