session 1 - bovine resp pharm

Question 1

MOA of beta lactams

Answer 1

block cell wall synthesis

Question 2

natural beta lactam antibiotics from fungi and are primarily active against gram-positive bacterial pathogens

Answer 2

Penicillin G and penicillin V

Question 3

spectrum of action of Penicillin G and penicillin V

Answer 3

gram-positive, no gram neg

Question 4

spectrum of action of ampicillin and amoxicillin

Answer 4

gram + > gram -

Question 5

addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to amoxicillin is useful in what way?

Answer 5

inc oral bioavailability

Question 6

lactamase-resistant penicillins

Answer 6

Methicillin

Cloxacillin (primarily G+ cocci aka “anti-staph penicillin”)

Question 7

indications for penicillins in cattle:

Answer 7

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), mastitis, metritis, and foot rot from susceptible microorganisms, including Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes, Pasturella multocida, Strep. agalactiae, and Staph. (other than aureus)

Question 8

fusobacterium

Answer 8

gra neg anaerobe

Question 9

AE of penicillin

Answer 9

hypersensitivity

Question 10

route of administration of cloxacillin

Answer 10

intra mammary

Prolonged activity due to extended release in mammary gland

Question 11

route of administration of amoxicillin

Answer 11

oral

Question 12

which of the following beta lactams used in cattle can be given SC?

penicillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin
cloxacillin

Answer 12

ampicillin

Question 13

which of the following beta lactams used in cattle has good oral bioavailability?

penicillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin
cloxacillin

Answer 13

amoxicillin

Question 14

are penicillins or cephalosporins more susceptible to enzymatic inactivation by β-lactamases?

Answer 14

penicillins

Question 15

advancing cephalosporin generations is for greater Gram – coverage and increasing resistance to bacterial lactamases.

Question 16

route of administration of cephapirin

Answer 16

inta mammary

Question 17

cephapirin

Answer 17

1st get cephalosporin

intra mamary admin

Question 18

of the cephalosporins used in cattle, which generations are they classified as?

ceftiofur
cephapirin

Answer 18

cephapirin - 1st

ceftiofur - 3rd

Question 19

AE of cefiofur

Answer 19

Vomiting, diarrhea, inappetance

Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis, cytopenias

Question 20

What diseases are tetracyclines indicated for?

Answer 20

concentrate intracellularly (mycoplasma and lepto), some class members more than others.

concentrates in the epithelial lining of the airways (resp infections).

Question 21

AE of rapid IV injection of tetracyclines?

Answer 21

collapse in cattle.

Question 22

AE of tetracyclines in cattle:

Answer 22

tooth discoloration
rumen stasis (high PO doses)
hypersensitivity (swelling, dyspnea, collapse)
embryotoxic (early loss, later retarded bone growth )

Question 23

MOA of ainoglycosides

Answer 23

inhibit protein synthesis

Question 24

What microbes are aminoglycosides effective against?

Answer 24

Aminoglycosides have primarily a G- aerobic spectrum, with limited G+ aerobic coverage, and no anaerobic coverage.

Question 25

What microbes are tetracyclines effective against?

Answer 25

broad spectrum

Question 26

What microbes are beta lactams effective against?

Answer 26

gram pos --> gram neg | penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins

Question 27

AE of aminoglycosides

Answer 27

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, as well as the potential to cause neuromuscular blockade.

Question 28

Are aminoglycosides commonly used in food animals?

Answer 28

NO. two distinct phase of drug clearance, with the first rapid phase followed by a long second phase that results in tissue drug residues for extended durations following discontinuation of therapy.

Question 29

What is a use of orally administered neomycin in calves?

Answer 29

calves to treat GI infections from pathogenic E. Coli.

Question 30

MOA of fluoroquinolones

Answer 30

inhibit DNA

Question 31

what is the primary use of fluoroquinolones?

Answer 31

bovine resp disease | susceptible strains of Pasturella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis.

Question 32

what is the route of admin of enrofloxacin and danofloxacin?

Answer 32

SQ

Question 33

MOA sulfonamides

Answer 33

antimetabolites | bacteriostatic inhibition of growth against a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.

Question 34

uses for sulfonamides in cattle:

Answer 34

cattle sulfonamides can be used to treat BRD. Potentiated sulfonamides (sulfa-trimethoprim) have been used to treat pathogenic E. coli GI infections in calves.

Question 35

What microbes are sulfonamides effective against?

Answer 35

broad spectrum | aerobes

Question 36

What microbes are fluoroquinolones effective against?

Answer 36

aerobes

Question 37

which drug classes are ineffective against anaerobes?

Answer 37

fluorquinolones aminoglycosides sulfonamides

Question 38

AE of sulfonamides?

Answer 38

hypersensitivity, depress rumen function (usually temporary), possibly teratogenic

Question 39

TRUE OR FALSE: any use of TMS in cattle is ELDU

Answer 39

TRUE | No FDA approval for trimethoprim, would be ELUD

Question 40

What microbes are MACROLIDES effective against?

Answer 40

Primarily G+, some G- bovine respiratory pathoge

Question 41

use for macrolides in cattle:

Answer 41

Bovine Respiratory Disease (M.haemolytica, Mycoplasma, P. multocida

Question 42

what AE does tylosin have in cattle if given orally?

Answer 42

SEVERE DIARRHEa

Question 43

Gamithromycin

Answer 43

macrolide

Question 44

Tildipirosin

Answer 44

macrolide

Question 45

Tilmicosin

Answer 45

macrolide

Question 46

Tulathromycin

Answer 46

macrolide

Question 47

erythromycin

Answer 47

macrolide

Question 48

Pirlilmycin

Answer 48

lincosamide

Question 49

route of admin of Pirlilmycin

Answer 49

intra-mammary

Question 50

route of admin of Lincosamide

Answer 50

IM | Do not give orally to fermenters and pigs

Question 51

is Lincosaide FDA approved for use in cattle?

Answer 51

Use in Cattle is ELUD

Question 52

what is the main use of lincosamides in cattle?

Answer 52

treatment of Staphylococcal mastitis (e.g. Staph. aureus)

Question 53

What microbes are lincosamides effective against?

Answer 53

G+ aerobes (staph), good anaerobe coverage

Question 54

Spectinomycin

Answer 54

aminocyclitols | similar to aminoglycosides

Question 55

Florfenicol

Answer 55

similar to chloramphenicol

Question 56

What are three reasons a drug may be prohibited or restricted to be used in Food Animals?

Answer 56

cancer, toxicity, bacterial resistance

Question 57

List the drugs prohibited for any use in food animal

Answer 57

chloramphenicol, DES, clenbuterol, nitromidazoles, nitrofurans, glycopeptides

Question 58

Name the three indications for treatment and describe the difference?​

Answer 58

Prevention- NO animals are showing clinical signs but, you think the possibility of infection is possible due to history, clinical judgment of the situation, or epidemiological knowledge Control- An animal is sub-acute, or there are individuals of animals already showing clinical signs in a larger group. Treatment- Giving an animal antimicrobials when showing clinical signs

Question 59

Name the 7 edible tissues from animals which are consumed by humans that can develop residues.

Answer 59

Fat, muscle, liver, kidney, skin, milk, eggs, honey

Question 60

Name the route of administration AMDUCA allows ELDU.

Answer 60

Parentally, intramammary, Topically, or in-water

Question 61

What 4 possible scenarios allow you to use a non-label drug as an EDLU​?

Answer 61

When there is not a drug labeled which: Has a clinically effective drug Has the needed ingredient Not in the proper dosage form Labeled for the indication/disease

Question 62

What microbes are aminoglycosides ineffective against?

Answer 62

do not use for anaerobes

Question 63

Can you use fluoroquinolone on dairy cows?

Answer 63

only before 20 months | begin breeding at 24 months in dairy