Session 1: Anatomy + Development Flashcards
From what structure does the respiratory system develop in the embryo?
Pharynx
In what plane is the floor of the nasal cavity?
Horizontal
Why is it important to induce turbulent flow in the nasal cavity?
Maximises efficiency of gas exchange
What is the difference between the right and the left lung?
Right has 3 lobes while left has 2
Why does the larynx wall not have any cartilage posteriorly?
Allows food from the oesophagus to bulge into it
Which structure on the vertebrae does the tubercule of the rib articulate with?
Transverse process
Name the layers of intercostal muscle
External
Internal
Innermost
Which intercostal muscle(s) are involved in inhalation?
External
Which intercostal muscle(s) are involved in expiration?
Internal and innermost
Where does the neurovascular bundle lie in relation to the ribs?
Below the rib
In which region are the external intercostal muscles most deficient?
Anterior thoracic cage
Where are the innermost intercostal muscles found?
Lateral aspects of the thoracic cage
Where are the internal intercostal muscles deficient?
Posterior thoracic cage
What muscle is responsible for normal breathing?
Diaphragm
At what level does the vena cava penetrate the diaphragm?
T8
What passes through the diaphragm at T10?
The oesophagus
Where does the aortic hiatus occur?
T12
What is the name given to the venous system used to drain the thoracic cage?
Azygous system
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
Which lobe makes up the majority of the posterior of the right lung?
Inferior lobe
How are the left and right bronchi different?
Left is more horizontal while the right runs vertically
Where are the pulmonary arteries and veins in relation to eachother?
Pulmonary veins are inferior to the arteries
What indentations can be found in the left lung?
Groove for the arch of the aorta and from the heart at the bottom
What can we see an impression of within the right lung?
The oesophagus
What type of membrane is the pleura?
Serous
What is the purpose of the recesses within the pleura?
Gives space for the lungs to expand into
What are the upper and lower boundaries of the upper respiratory tract?
Nostrils to lower border of the cricoid cartilage
What structure divides the nasal cavity?
Median nasal septum
What are the bony projections in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity called?
Turbinates (or conchae)
What nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
To prevent aspiration of food into the trachea when swallowing
What are the two divisions of the bronchial tree?
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
What are the names of the two types of blood supply the lungs receive?
Bronchial and pulmonary
Which lymph nodes do the lungs drain into?
Hilar nodes (which run to tracheobronchial nodes)
At what levels of the thoracic cavity does the diaphragm lie?
Right dome at the 5th rib
Left come at the 5th intercostal space
Where is a chest drain usually inserted?
7th intercostal space, slightly above the superior border of the 8th rib
In which region of the bronchial tree does no gas exchange occur?
Conducting portion
What type of epithelial cells line the terminal bronchioles?
Ciliated simple columnar epithelia
Which structures make up the pulmonary portion of the respiratory tract?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
How do the venous plexuses of the nasal cavity prevent over drying of the nasal cavity?
They swell every 20-30mins to alternate air flow from nostril to nostril
What type of cells line the majority of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelial cells
Where in the respiratory tract are simple cuboidal epithelia present?
Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
What do Clara cells do?
Secrete surfactant lipoprotein
Name the two types of epithelia present in the alveoli
Type I - simple squamous
Type II - simple cuboidal
What are the roots of the intercostal nerves?
T1 to T11
Why is a chest drain usually inserted in the 7th intercostal space?
Below this there is risk of penetrating the diaphragm
What innervates the visceral pleura?
Pulmonary plexus
What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?
The phrenic and intercostal nerves
What is the visceral pleura sensitive to?
Stretch
What is the parietal pleura sensitive to?
Pressure, pain and temperature
What nodes do the deep and superficial lymphatics of the lungs drain into?
Tracheobronchial nodes
What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Describe the location of the pulmonary arteries in relation to the trunk
Left pulmonary artery superior to the trunk
Right pulmonary artery inferior to the trunk
Which arteries supply the lungs with oxygenated blood?
Bronchial arteries
How many pulmonary veins are there?
Four (two per lung)
What vessels do the bronchial veins drain into?
Right to the azygous vein
Left to the accessory hemiazygous vein
Where dothe phrenic nerves pass in relation to the roots of the lungs?
Anteriorly
Where do the vagus nerves pass in relation to the roots of the lungs?
Posteriorly
What rib does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?
4th rib
What does the oblique fissure of the right lung run between?
The 6th rib and the spinous process of T2
