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ESA3: Respiratory System > Session 1: Anatomy + Development > Flashcards

Session 1: Anatomy + Development Flashcards

1
Q

From what structure does the respiratory system develop in the embryo?

A

Pharynx

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2
Q

In what plane is the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Horizontal

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3
Q

Why is it important to induce turbulent flow in the nasal cavity?

A

Maximises efficiency of gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the difference between the right and the left lung?

A

Right has 3 lobes while left has 2

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5
Q

Why does the larynx wall not have any cartilage posteriorly?

A

Allows food from the oesophagus to bulge into it

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6
Q

Which structure on the vertebrae does the tubercule of the rib articulate with?

A

Transverse process

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7
Q

Name the layers of intercostal muscle

A

External
Internal
Innermost

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8
Q

Which intercostal muscle(s) are involved in inhalation?

A

External

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9
Q

Which intercostal muscle(s) are involved in expiration?

A

Internal and innermost

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10
Q

Where does the neurovascular bundle lie in relation to the ribs?

A

Below the rib

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11
Q

In which region are the external intercostal muscles most deficient?

A

Anterior thoracic cage

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12
Q

Where are the innermost intercostal muscles found?

A

Lateral aspects of the thoracic cage

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13
Q

Where are the internal intercostal muscles deficient?

A

Posterior thoracic cage

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14
Q

What muscle is responsible for normal breathing?

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

At what level does the vena cava penetrate the diaphragm?

A

T8

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16
Q

What passes through the diaphragm at T10?

A

The oesophagus

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17
Q

Where does the aortic hiatus occur?

A

T12

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18
Q

What is the name given to the venous system used to drain the thoracic cage?

A

Azygous system

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19
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

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20
Q

Which lobe makes up the majority of the posterior of the right lung?

A

Inferior lobe

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21
Q

How are the left and right bronchi different?

A

Left is more horizontal while the right runs vertically

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22
Q

Where are the pulmonary arteries and veins in relation to eachother?

A

Pulmonary veins are inferior to the arteries

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23
Q

What indentations can be found in the left lung?

A

Groove for the arch of the aorta and from the heart at the bottom

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24
Q

What can we see an impression of within the right lung?

A

The oesophagus

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25
Q

What type of membrane is the pleura?

A

Serous

26
Q

What is the purpose of the recesses within the pleura?

A

Gives space for the lungs to expand into

27
Q

What are the upper and lower boundaries of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nostrils to lower border of the cricoid cartilage

28
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity?

A

Median nasal septum

29
Q

What are the bony projections in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity called?

A

Turbinates (or conchae)

30
Q

What nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

31
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

To prevent aspiration of food into the trachea when swallowing

32
Q

What are the two divisions of the bronchial tree?

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

33
Q

What are the names of the two types of blood supply the lungs receive?

A

Bronchial and pulmonary

34
Q

Which lymph nodes do the lungs drain into?

A

Hilar nodes (which run to tracheobronchial nodes)

35
Q

At what levels of the thoracic cavity does the diaphragm lie?

A

Right dome at the 5th rib

Left come at the 5th intercostal space

36
Q

Where is a chest drain usually inserted?

A

7th intercostal space, slightly above the superior border of the 8th rib

37
Q

In which region of the bronchial tree does no gas exchange occur?

A

Conducting portion

38
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the terminal bronchioles?

A

Ciliated simple columnar epithelia

39
Q

Which structures make up the pulmonary portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

40
Q

How do the venous plexuses of the nasal cavity prevent over drying of the nasal cavity?

A

They swell every 20-30mins to alternate air flow from nostril to nostril

41
Q

What type of cells line the majority of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelial cells

42
Q

Where in the respiratory tract are simple cuboidal epithelia present?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

43
Q

What do Clara cells do?

A

Secrete surfactant lipoprotein

44
Q

Name the two types of epithelia present in the alveoli

A

Type I - simple squamous

Type II - simple cuboidal

45
Q

What are the roots of the intercostal nerves?

A

T1 to T11

46
Q

Why is a chest drain usually inserted in the 7th intercostal space?

A

Below this there is risk of penetrating the diaphragm

47
Q

What innervates the visceral pleura?

A

Pulmonary plexus

48
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

A

The phrenic and intercostal nerves

49
Q

What is the visceral pleura sensitive to?

A

Stretch

50
Q

What is the parietal pleura sensitive to?

A

Pressure, pain and temperature

51
Q

What nodes do the deep and superficial lymphatics of the lungs drain into?

A

Tracheobronchial nodes

52
Q

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

53
Q

Describe the location of the pulmonary arteries in relation to the trunk

A

Left pulmonary artery superior to the trunk

Right pulmonary artery inferior to the trunk

54
Q

Which arteries supply the lungs with oxygenated blood?

A

Bronchial arteries

55
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

Four (two per lung)

56
Q

What vessels do the bronchial veins drain into?

A

Right to the azygous vein

Left to the accessory hemiazygous vein

57
Q

Where dothe phrenic nerves pass in relation to the roots of the lungs?

A

Anteriorly

58
Q

Where do the vagus nerves pass in relation to the roots of the lungs?

A

Posteriorly

59
Q

What rib does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?

A

4th rib

60
Q

What does the oblique fissure of the right lung run between?

A

The 6th rib and the spinous process of T2

ESA3: Respiratory System (6 decks)

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