Session 1: Anatomy + Development

Question 1

From what structure does the respiratory system develop in the embryo?

Answer 1

Pharynx

Question 2

In what plane is the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 2

Horizontal

Question 3

Why is it important to induce turbulent flow in the nasal cavity?

Answer 3

Maximises efficiency of gas exchange

Question 4

What is the difference between the right and the left lung?

Answer 4

Right has 3 lobes while left has 2

Question 5

Why does the larynx wall not have any cartilage posteriorly?

Answer 5

Allows food from the oesophagus to bulge into it

Question 6

Which structure on the vertebrae does the tubercule of the rib articulate with?

Answer 6

Transverse process

Question 7

Name the layers of intercostal muscle

Answer 7

External
Internal
Innermost

Question 8

Which intercostal muscle(s) are involved in inhalation?

Answer 8

External

Question 9

Which intercostal muscle(s) are involved in expiration?

Answer 9

Internal and innermost

Question 10

Where does the neurovascular bundle lie in relation to the ribs?

Answer 10

Below the rib

Question 11

In which region are the external intercostal muscles most deficient?

Answer 11

Anterior thoracic cage

Question 12

Where are the innermost intercostal muscles found?

Answer 12

Lateral aspects of the thoracic cage

Question 13

Where are the internal intercostal muscles deficient?

Answer 13

Posterior thoracic cage

Question 14

What muscle is responsible for normal breathing?

Answer 14

Diaphragm

Question 15

At what level does the vena cava penetrate the diaphragm?

Answer 15

T8

Question 16

What passes through the diaphragm at T10?

Answer 16

The oesophagus

Question 17

Where does the aortic hiatus occur?

Answer 17

T12

Question 18

What is the name given to the venous system used to drain the thoracic cage?

Answer 18

Azygous system

Question 19

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 19

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Question 20

Which lobe makes up the majority of the posterior of the right lung?

Answer 20

Inferior lobe

Question 21

How are the left and right bronchi different?

Answer 21

Left is more horizontal while the right runs vertically

Question 22

Where are the pulmonary arteries and veins in relation to eachother?

Answer 22

Pulmonary veins are inferior to the arteries

Question 23

What indentations can be found in the left lung?

Answer 23

Groove for the arch of the aorta and from the heart at the bottom

Question 24

What can we see an impression of within the right lung?

Answer 24

The oesophagus

Question 25

What type of membrane is the pleura?

Answer 25

Serous

Question 26

What is the purpose of the recesses within the pleura?

Answer 26

Gives space for the lungs to expand into

Question 27

What are the upper and lower boundaries of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 27

Nostrils to lower border of the cricoid cartilage

Question 28

What structure divides the nasal cavity?

Answer 28

Median nasal septum

Question 29

What are the bony projections in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity called?

Answer 29

Turbinates (or conchae)

Question 30

What nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 30

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 31

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

Answer 31

To prevent aspiration of food into the trachea when swallowing

Question 32

What are the two divisions of the bronchial tree?

Answer 32

Conducting zone | Respiratory zone

Question 33

What are the names of the two types of blood supply the lungs receive?

Answer 33

Bronchial and pulmonary

Question 34

Which lymph nodes do the lungs drain into?

Answer 34

Hilar nodes (which run to tracheobronchial nodes)

Question 35

At what levels of the thoracic cavity does the diaphragm lie?

Answer 35

Right dome at the 5th rib | Left come at the 5th intercostal space

Question 36

Where is a chest drain usually inserted?

Answer 36

7th intercostal space, slightly above the superior border of the 8th rib

Question 37

In which region of the bronchial tree does no gas exchange occur?

Answer 37

Conducting portion

Question 38

What type of epithelial cells line the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 38

Ciliated simple columnar epithelia

Question 39

Which structures make up the pulmonary portion of the respiratory tract?

Answer 39

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 40

How do the venous plexuses of the nasal cavity prevent over drying of the nasal cavity?

Answer 40

They swell every 20-30mins to alternate air flow from nostril to nostril

Question 41

What type of cells line the majority of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

Answer 41

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelial cells

Question 42

Where in the respiratory tract are simple cuboidal epithelia present?

Answer 42

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Question 43

What do Clara cells do?

Answer 43

Secrete surfactant lipoprotein

Question 44

Name the two types of epithelia present in the alveoli

Answer 44

Type I - simple squamous | Type II - simple cuboidal

Question 45

What are the roots of the intercostal nerves?

Answer 45

T1 to T11

Question 46

Why is a chest drain usually inserted in the 7th intercostal space?

Answer 46

Below this there is risk of penetrating the diaphragm

Question 47

What innervates the visceral pleura?

Answer 47

Pulmonary plexus

Question 48

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

Answer 48

The phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 49

What is the visceral pleura sensitive to?

Answer 49

Stretch

Question 50

What is the parietal pleura sensitive to?

Answer 50

Pressure, pain and temperature

Question 51

What nodes do the deep and superficial lymphatics of the lungs drain into?

Answer 51

Tracheobronchial nodes

Question 52

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 52

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

Question 53

Describe the location of the pulmonary arteries in relation to the trunk

Answer 53

Left pulmonary artery superior to the trunk | Right pulmonary artery inferior to the trunk

Question 54

Which arteries supply the lungs with oxygenated blood?

Answer 54

Bronchial arteries

Question 55

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 55

Four (two per lung)

Question 56

What vessels do the bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 56

Right to the azygous vein | Left to the accessory hemiazygous vein

Question 57

Where dothe phrenic nerves pass in relation to the roots of the lungs?

Answer 57

Anteriorly

Question 58

Where do the vagus nerves pass in relation to the roots of the lungs?

Answer 58

Posteriorly

Question 59

What rib does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow?

Answer 59

4th rib

Question 60

What does the oblique fissure of the right lung run between?

Answer 60

The 6th rib and the spinous process of T2