session 1 Flashcards
Major compartments of The head:
- The cranial cavity
- Two ears
- Two orbits
- Two nasal cavities
- An oral cavity
Head skeleton. numbers
22 bones.
Head skeleton divide into two-part?
Cranium + Mandible
Cranium bones divide to?
Calvaria + Face
Calvaria( skull cap) consists of several bones?
The bones forming the calvaria are mainly
the paired temporal and parietal bones
,
parts of the unpaired frontal, sphenoid, and occipital bones.
Facial skeleton
The bones forming the facial skeleton -palatine bones(2) -nasal bones, (2) -lacrimal bones(2) -zygomatic bones, (2) -inferior nasal conchae(2) vomer.(1) maxillae(1)
Several bones of the head articulating with each other by ?
immovable fibrous joints called sutures.
define( fontanelles)
large membranous and unossified gaps (fontanelles) particularly between the large flat bones of the skull covering the top of the cranial cavity in a fetus
what fontanelles allow
- the head to deform during its passage through the birth canal
- postnatal growth.
SCALP layers consist from?
It is a multilayered structure that covers the bones of the skull
- S- skin
- C- connective tissue (dense)
- A- aponeurotic layer
- L- loose connective tissue
- P- pericranium
from where the borders of the sclap
from superciliary arches anteriorly to the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines posteriorly. Laterally it continues inferiorly to the zygomatic arch
Innervation of scalp (anterior to the ear and varex )?
- Supratrochlear nerve
- Supra-orbital nerve
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve
- Auriculotemporal nerve
which main nerve responsible for supplying the anterior of the scalp
The trigeminal nerve (CN V)
The supratrochlear nerve,
branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve—–
it passes backward close to the median plane and reaches nearly as far as the vertex of the skull
The supraorbital nerve
a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve,—–. It supplies the scalp as far backward as the vertex
The zygomaticotemporal nerve
a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, supplies the scalp over the temple
.Auriculotemporal nerve cautenous innervation
a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve—Its terminal branches supply the skin over the temporal region
which nerves supply the Posterior to the ears and the vertex:
- Great auricular nerve
- Lesser occipital nerve
- Greater occipital nerve
- Third occipital nerve
.Great auricular nerve
Spinal nerves C2 and C3 via cervical plexus—-supply Skin overlying angle of mandible and inferior lobe of auricle; parotid sheath
Great auricular Ascends vertically across ———-
sternocleidomastoid
Lesser occipital nerve supply?
Spinal nerves C2 and C3 via cervical plexus——supply Scalp posterior to auricle
Lesser occipital follows posterior border of ————-
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Greater occipital nerve
As medial branch of posterior ramus of spinal nerve C2——-Scalp of occipital region
Third occipital nerve
As lateral branch of posterior ramus of spinal nerve C3—–Scalp of lower occipital and sub occipital regions
Blood supply of the scalp
A. Branches from the ophthalmic artery:
• The supratrochlear A
• The supra-orbital A
B. Branches from the external carotid artery:
• Posterior auricular artery
• Occipital artery
• Superficial temporal artery
The superficial temporal artery pass—–to the auricle
in front
Orbital group – facial muscles
corrugator supercilii , orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oculi (Palpebral part ) function
gently closes the eyelids
corrugator supercilii function
draw the eyelid medially and inferiorly
orbicularis oculi ( Orbital part) function
overlying the orbital rim and attached to the frontal bone and maxilla medially, tightly closes the eyelids (as in winking or squinting) to protect the eyeballs against glare and dust
• Oral group
- Orbicularis oris
- Buccinator muscles
.3. Zygomaticus major muscle. - Zygomaticus minor muscle
- Risoruis muscle
.5. Levator labi superioris alaci nasi - Levator anguli oris
- Depressor anguli oris
. 8.Depressor labi inferioris - Metalis mucle
Auricular muscles:
Anterior auricular muscle
Superior auricular muscle
Posterior auricular muscle
Muscles of mastication
- Masseter muscle
- Temporalis muscle.
- Medial pterygoid muscle.
- Lateral pterygoid muscles
Blood supply of face
Primarily from branches of the external carotid artery
- 1.Facial A.: mian blood supply
2. Superfcial temporal A.
3. Maxillary A
-4.Ophthalmic artery—internal carotid artery
Venous drainage of face
Anterior facial + aneriot branch of retromandibular v. form common facial v. that drain into internal jugular v.
• Posterior branch of retromandibular v. join posterior auricular v. to form external jugular v.
Lymphatics of face
- submental nodes
- submandibular nodes
- pre-auricular and parotid
The cutaneous innervation of the face
a)Ophthalmic (V1) b)Maxillary (V2) c)Mandibular (V3)
all these branches from the trigeminal nerve
describe the position of the partoid gland
The largest major salivary gland in the head lies anterior to and below the lower half of the ear, superficial, posterior, and deep to the ramus of the mandible
Several major structures pass through or just deep to the parotid gland
facial nerve, external carotid artery and retromandibular vein
❖Sensory innervation of parotid gland
Auriculotemporal nerve
❖Secretomotor innervation of partoid
Auriculotemporal nerve, (postganglionic parasympathetic fibers have their origin in the otic ganglion)
Five terminal groups of branches of the facial nerve
-the temporal, zygomatic , buccal , marginal mandibular, and cervical branches-
Retromandibular vein
It is formed in the substance of the parotid gland when the superficial temporal and maxillary veins join together
Most common facial fracture?
the fracture of the nasal bones
Fractures usually occur at weak points like
Ptrion
- Squamous temporal and parietal bones over the temples and the sphenoid air sinus
- The middle cranial fossa
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and the roof of
the orbits in the anterior cranial fossa;
• Areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa
Facial nerve:
• exits the skull through the؟
through the stylomastoid foramen
External carotid dividing into its two terminal branches (the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries at——-
near to lower lob of the ear
