Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

surfaces of the foot?

A 
Top = dorsal 
Bottom = plantar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of bone?

A 
Support 
Movement (joints and muscle attachments)
Protection 
Haematopoiesis 
Stores calcium and phosphate 
Stores growth factors and cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibrocartilage is higher in what than hyaline cartilage?Purpose?

A 
Higher collagen content 
Shock absorption (knee menisci)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyaline cartilage aids what in joints?

A

Frictionless movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes bone more rigid than any other connective tissue?

A

Hydroxyapatite/ Calcium phosphate (CaPO4) mineralises the extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which components of bone confer

  • compressive strength
  • tensile strength
A

Hydroxyapatite / Calcium phosphate (CaPO4)

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What secretes osteoid?

What does it contain?

A

Osteoblasts

  • Main protein is collagen Some osteocalcin and osteopontin
  • Calcium phosphate/ hydroxyapatite to mineralise the extracellular matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do osteoclasts look like?

Describe resorption

A

Multinucleate cells, often in a resorption pit

  • Bone breakdown
  • Mineral absorption
    Osteoclasts secrete acidic chemicals onto the bone surface to dissolve it.
    The surface becomes ruffled, increasing surface area for mineral absorption.
    The cell absorbs the ionic forms of calcium and phosphate which it later releases into the extracellular fluid for passage into the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do osteocytes do and how do they communicate with each other?

A

Involved in signalling processes of bone (trapped in lacunae of the bone matrix)
Communicate via filipodia which extend through canaliculi of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial is the longitudinal axis of the body (skull, ribs, vertebrae)
Appendicular is the limbs (appendages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define these terms of the long bone;
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis

A

Diaphysis is shaft of the bone, contains the medullary cavity
Metaphysis is the distal shaft, adjacent to the epiphyseal line
Epiphysis is the most distal part of the bone (rounded), on the opposite side of epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

The line which replaces the epiphyseal growth plate once the adult is fully grown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is red marrow present and what is it?

What is yellow marrow?

A

In the medullary cavity of long bones, site of haematopoiesis
Yellow marrow replaces red marrow in the adult and has a high fat content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Through what does the nutrient artery enter the long bone?

A

Nutrient foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do you find sesamoid bones?

What is their function?

A

Within a tendon

Protect the tendon from stress ad wear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Risk factors for avascular necrosis of bone?

A 
Fracture
Alcoholism 
Excessive steroid use 
Alcoholism 
Radiation exposure 
Decompression sickness
Thrombosis
High blood pressure
17
Q

How can radiation exposure cause avascular necrosis of bone?

How about decompression sickness?

A

Radiation can obliterate small arteries supplying bone

In decompression sickness, bubbles of nitrogen can obstruct blood flow (bubbles can form and move anywhere in body)

18
Q

3 types of joint and their differences

A
  • Synovial (synovial fluid in joint cavity)
  • Fibrous (bones united by collagen fibres)
  • Cartilaginous (bones united by cartilage)
19
Q

Differences between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

Another name for a secondary cartilaginous joint?

Give an example of each

A

Primary are lined by hyaline cartilage and are completely immobile.
E.g. epiphyseal growth plates of long bones

Secondary are lined by hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage between them. They are also called symphyses.
E.g. pubic symphysis

20
Q

What does a condyloid joint resemble?

Give an example

A

Stacking one bowl into another

The atlanto-occipital joint at the base of the skull

21
Q

What does the tendon sheath do?

What is the structure?

A

Wraps around tendons to reduce friction associated with tendon movement

Elongated bursa (sac filled with synovial fluid)

22
Q

Function of synovial fluid?

A

Reduce friction
Shock absorber

Transport nutrients to and away from the articular cartilage
(The cartilage is avascular, the fibrous capsule and ligaments have a poor blood supply).

23
Q

What does relaxin hormone do during pregnancy?

A

Relaxes the pelvic joints towards the end of pregnancy

24
Q

When a joint is highly ____ it is less ____

A

highly mobile; less stable

Highly stable; less mobile

25
Q

What is the origin and insertion of a muscle

A

Origin is the stationary anchor point and is usually proximal in the limb

Insertion is the mobile attachment point (usually distal)

26
Q 
Muscles can be described as;
synergists
neutralisers 
fixators
what do these terms mean?
A

A synergist assists the prime mover but cannot carry out the movement itself
A neutraliser stops unwanted effects of a muscle agonist
A fixator stabilises a joint. Usually the proximal joints are stabilised when the distal joint moves.

27
Q

Fixators in elbow flexion?

A

Rhomboids- stabilise rotation of scapula

Rotator cuff muscles- stabilise shoulder joint

28
Q

Concentric, eccentric and isometric muscle contraction?

A

Concentric- muscle shortens as it contracts
Eccentric- muscle lengthens
Isometric - muscle length stays the same

29
Q

When you land a jump, what type of contraction do the quadriceps undertake?

A

eccentric for shock absorption

30
Q

How are the fascicles arranged in a unipennate muscle?

A

All on the same side of the tendon

31
Q

What is a fascial compartment?

A

region of the limb surrounded by deep fascia; it contains muscles, nerves and blood vessels.

32
Q

What are the superficial and deep fascia?

A

They are bands/ sheets of connective tissue

Superficial fascia is found in most regions of the body; also called subcutaneous fat. Found under skin; around organs, etc.

Deep fascia is much thicker, elastic and able to resist strong unidirectional forces. It encloses muscle compartments and adhesion to skin in the hand forms palmar creases

33
Q

How are the collagen and elastin fibres arranged in deep fascia?

A

wavy pattern parallel to direction of pull

deep fascia can resist great unidirectional forces

34
Q

Tendons vs ligaments vs aponeuroses

A

Tendon- muscle to bone
Ligament - bone to bone
Aponeurosis - muscle to muscle*
*(sometimes muscle to bone)

35
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerves which supply the joint itself also innervate the muscles causing movement around said joint

(the nerves also supply the skin overlying the insertion of these muscles).

MSK (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions