Session 1 Flashcards
Complete the following feedback loop for the regulation of body temperature:
ATP –Exothermic reaction–> A
–Energy released as heat and transferred to…–> B
–> Blood
–Change in temperature detected by…–> C
–Causes the following as a response to increased body temperature–> D and E
A) ADP B) Muscle C) Hypothalamus/thermoregulatory centre, or peripheral temperature sensors in skin D) Vasodilation E) Sweat
On a hot day, if someone is sweating but doesn’t increase the amount of water they drink, what will happen to the concentration of ions in the blood?
Increase
This is because fluid lost from the extracellular compartment through sweat is not replaced, therefore leading to a higher concentration of ions
Why is it important to maintain a constant body temperature of around 37 C?
It is important for protein function, e.g. enzymes. High temperature can cause damage/denaturation, and temperatures that are too low mean not enough heat energy for reactions to occur.
Which of the following is an endpoint clinical complication of hypothermia? A) Coma B) Cardiac arrest C) Seizures D) Confusion E) Shivering
B) Cardiac arrest
Low body temperature can cause the heart to stop beating (cardiac arrest). Shivering is the body’s natural response when the temperature drops to try and increase body temperature, along with vasoconstriction, and so is not a ‘complication’. The other answers listed are complications of hyperthermia.
What is the normal range for core body temperature (C)? A) 40 to 41 B) 38.3 to 41 C) 36.5 to 37.5 D) 32 to 35 E) 28 to 32
C) 36.5 to 37.5
Severe hypothermia - <28 C Moderate hypothermia - 28-32 C Mild hypothermia - 32-35 C Normal resting range - 36.5-37.5 C Clinical onset of hyperthermia (fever or exercise induced) - 37.5-38.3 Hyperthermia (increasing) - 38.3-41 Hyperpyrexia - 40-41
NB: Core temperatures listed
Why are neonates more likely to suffer from hypothermia?
Immature body systems; don’t have shivering reflex, plus higher surface area/body volume ratio.
Indicate whether the concentration is higher in the intracellular or extracellular compartment for:
A) Sodium (Na+) B) Potassium (K+) C) Calcium (Ca2+) D) Chloride (Cl-) E) Protein
A) Extracellular B) Intracellular C) Extracellular D) Extracellular E) Intracellular
Define the terms competitive and non-competitive inhibition in relation to enzyme activity.
Competitive Inhibition: means that the antagonist will bind at the active site to prevent substrate from binding. (Increasing the substrate concentration will overcome this inhibition as it is reversible).
Non-competitive inhibition: means that the antagonist binds to a different site on the enzyme, causing non-reversible change to the active site. (Increasing the substrate concentration will not overcome this inhibition).
Many drugs can act by replicating signalling molecules. Complete the acronym below to remind yourself of some of these target sites for drug action:
RITE
Different receptor types:
KLiNG
Receptor
Ion channels
Transporters
Enzymes
Different receptor types: Kinase-linked receptor Ligand-gated receptors (ion channels) Nuclear receptors (intracellular) G-protein coupled receptors
Group - Cholinergic
Neurotransmitter - (A)
Function - Excitatory at end organ
Group - (B) Neurotransmitter/Function - Adrenaline/(C) (D)/Excitatory Dopamine/(E) Serotonin/(F)
Group - Amino acids
Neurotransmitter/Function - Glutamate/Excitatory
Glycine/(G)
(H)/Inhibitory
A) Acetylcholine B) Monoamines C) Excitatory D) Noradrenaline E) Excitatory and Inhibitory F) Excitatory G) Mainly inhibitory H) Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Name two physiological effects of a Kinase-linked receptor; one immediate within the cell and one long-term effect for a tissue
(it may help to review the lecture slides to help you answer this question).
- They phosphorylate proteins particularly those involved in signalling cascades
- The long-term effect is to stimulate growth/differentiation of the tissue stimulated.
