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Immune System > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term hypersensitivity

A

Antigen-specific immune responses that are either inappropriate or excessive and result in harm to host.

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2
Q

What is the main mechanism behind hypersensitivity reactions?

A

The mechanisms are the same as those employed by the host to fight infections.

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3
Q

What are the different types of triggers that can lead to hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Exogenous antigens and intrinsic antigens

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4
Q

Give some examples of exogenous antigens

A
  • Non infectious substances e.g. allergen
  • Infectious microbes e.g. hep B
  • Drugs e.g. penicillin
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5
Q

Give some examples of intrinsic antigens

A
  • Infectious microbes (microbes)

- Self antigens (auto-immunity)

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6
Q

How many different types of hypersensitivity reactions are there?

A

4 types

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7
Q

What are the two phases of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Sensitisation phase and effector phase

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8
Q

What is the sensitisation phase?

A

First encounter with the antigen. Activation of APCs and memory effector cells.

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9
Q

What is the effector phase?

A

Pathologic reaction upon re-exposure to the same antigen and activation of the memory cells of the adaptive immunity

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10
Q

Is it possible to have a hypersensitivity reaction with only one exposure to the antigen?

A

No

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11
Q

What is it meant if a person is sensitised?

A

A previously exposed individual is said to be sensitised.

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12
Q

Which antibodies are involved in type II hypersensitivity?

A

IgG or IgM

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13
Q

After the second encounter with the antigen, how long until the type II hypersensitivity reaction kicks in?

A

Within 5 - 12 hours

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14
Q

What are the different outcomes of the type II hypersensitivity?

A

Tissue/cell damage or physiological change

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15
Q

How does type II hypersensitivity lead to tissue/cell damage?

A
  • Complement activation

- ADCC

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16
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Type II hypersensitivity

17
Q

What is the antigen response for the hypersensitivity reaction involved in HDN?

A

Rhesus D

18
Q

Give an example of disease caused by type II hypersensitivity (IgM)

A

Haemolytic transfusion reaction

19
Q

What is the immune mechanism for the haemolytic transfusion reaction?

A

Incompatibility in the ABO group or rhesus B antigens. Donor RBD destroyed by recipient’s immune system. RBC lysis induced by type II hypersensitivity involving by the natural occurring antibodies (IgM)

20
Q

Why might the fact that a father is Rh+ and a mother Rh- cause a hypersensitivity reaction and therefore cause issues for the baby?

A

No issue during the first pregnancy. However, during the second, if she has another Rh+ fetus, her anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and damage fetal red blood cells.

21
Q

What is the mechanism by which hypersensitivity type II causes physiological change?

A

Receptor stimulation or receptor blockade

22
Q

What are some therapeutic approaches to treating tissue/cell damage caused by type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Immune suppression
  • Plasmapheresis
  • Splenectomy
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin
23
Q

How does plasmapheriss work?

A

This removes all the plasma which contains the antibodies. The plasma is then replaced, so the patient now has new plasma that does;t have the antibodies

24
Q

What sort of effect does plasmapheresis have on the patient?

A

Short term relief and allows healing of damaged tissue

25
Q

What diseases is plasmapheresis used in?

A

Myasthenia gravis, good pasture’s syndrome and graves disease

26
Q

What are some therapeutic approaches to treating physiological damage caused by type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Correct metabolism and replacement therapy

Immune System (1 decks)

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