Session 1

Question 1

How does the respiratory system develop?

Answer 1

Primitive gut tube - diverticulum from the at the larynx, which bifurcated.

Question 2

How is air warmed and moistened in the nasal cavity? Why?

Answer 2

Turbulent flow from:
-Nasal conchae

Warm moist air for > diffusion at membranes.

Question 3

Describe the three way structure at the top of the gut tube.

Answer 3

-Nasopharynx:
Between nose/ pharynx

-Oropharynx:
Between oral cavity and gullet

-Laryngopharynx:
Between larynx and pharynx

Question 4

What prevents food from entering the larynx?

Answer 4

The epiglottis

Folds over the top of the larynx/ airway, preventing food moving down.

Question 5

Name the three paranasal sinuses, and their roles.

There are also some cells?

Answer 5

1. Sphenoidal sinus
2. Maxillary sinus
3. Frontal sinus

Ethmoid cells

Produce mucus to capture particles/ microbes. Maintaining moist environment.

Question 6

What is the glottis?

Answer 6

Part of the larynx consisting of vocal cords and their slit-like opening.

Question 7

List the conducting airways of the respiratory tract.

Answer 7

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

Question 8

Describe the structure of the trachea and oesophagus.

Answer 8

Trachea:
Anterior to oesophagus, incomplete rings of cartilage.

Oesophagus
Soft and can expand, due to food bulge
(No cartilage in posterior trachea allows this)

Question 9

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 9

The opening at the top of the thoracic cavity, at the first ribs.

Question 10

Which structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 10

Trachea, Oesophagus, Thoracic duct, apexes of lungs.

Also nerves, arteries and veins.

Question 11

Which ribs are abnormal/ different to the rest?

Answer 11

11th and 12th ribs are floating ribs.
Have no costal cartilage.
Can be used as grafts.

Question 12

How do the ribs articulate with the vertebrae?

Answer 12

The head of the rib has two articulated facets which articulate with the demifacets of the vertebrae.

The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the rib below.

Question 13

To which vertebra does a rib belong?

Answer 13

To the vertebra with which the tubercle articulates with the transverse process.

Question 14

What is the basic anatomy of the rib?

Answer 14

Anterior:
-Costal cartilage connects to sternum.

External and internal surfaces.
Costal
Tubercle (posterior)
Neck (posterior)
Head of rib - articulates with demifacets.

Question 15

How does the chest wall/ ribs move, in order to increase the volume of the thorax.

Answer 15

1. Ribs move outwards, increasing lateral dimension.
   (Bucket handle)
2. The sternum moves up and out, > increasing anteroposterior diameter.
   (Pump handle)

Question 16

How do rib movements cause air to move into the lungs?

Answer 16

Increase in volume of thorax, causes < pressure, which causes air to move from high pressure (outside) to low pressure.

Question 17

Which muscles help with inspiration and expiration?

Answer 17

Inspiration:
Diaphragm
External intercostal

Expiration:
Internal intercostal

Question 18

Describe the structures of the muscles of breathing.

Answer 18

External intercostal:
Anteromedial direction, lifts ribs.

Internal intercostal:
Right angle to internals, opposite effect

Diaphragm:
Pulls downwards, creating pressure difference.

Question 19

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm, what are its roots?

Answer 19

Phrenic nerve
C3,4,5
(Keep the diaphragm alive)

Question 20

What is important to remember about the intercostal anatomy?

Answer 20

The main neurovascular bundle runs along the inferior border of the ribs, so chest drains must be inserted along the superior border of the rib (low in the space)

Question 21

Which main structures pass through the diaphragm? At which levels?

Answer 21

Vena Cava -T8
Oesophagus -T10
Aortic Hiatus -T12

Question 22

Describe the venous drainage of the intercostal spaces.

Answer 22

Azygous system: blood collects in azygous vein, and enters superior vena cava.

Question 23

Where would an aspirated foreign object most likely end up?

Answer 23

Right main bronchus

More vertical than left

Question 24

Describe the mediastinum

Answer 24

A space below the neck, and above the diaphragm.
Superior, and Inferior.

Superior Mediastinum:
Trachea & Aortic arch

Inferior Mediastinum:
Heart

Question 25

What is the area in the inferior pleural cavity called?

Answer 25

Costo-phrenic recess

Question 26

Which arteries supply oxygenated blood to the lungs?

Answer 26

Bronchial arteries

Question 27

What should be considered with a stab wound around the neck or abdomen?

Answer 27

• Damage to pleura
• Apices extend above the first rib, near the shoulders.
• Diaphragm and Lungs also can be lacerated at lower abdomen.