Session 1 Flashcards
How does the respiratory system develop?
Primitive gut tube - diverticulum from the at the larynx, which bifurcated.
How is air warmed and moistened in the nasal cavity? Why?
Turbulent flow from:
-Nasal conchae
Warm moist air for > diffusion at membranes.
Describe the three way structure at the top of the gut tube.
-Nasopharynx:
Between nose/ pharynx
-Oropharynx:
Between oral cavity and gullet
-Laryngopharynx:
Between larynx and pharynx
What prevents food from entering the larynx?
The epiglottis
Folds over the top of the larynx/ airway, preventing food moving down.
Name the three paranasal sinuses, and their roles.
There are also some cells?
- Sphenoidal sinus
- Maxillary sinus
- Frontal sinus
Ethmoid cells
Produce mucus to capture particles/ microbes. Maintaining moist environment.
What is the glottis?
Part of the larynx consisting of vocal cords and their slit-like opening.
List the conducting airways of the respiratory tract.
Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
Describe the structure of the trachea and oesophagus.
Trachea:
Anterior to oesophagus, incomplete rings of cartilage.
Oesophagus
Soft and can expand, due to food bulge
(No cartilage in posterior trachea allows this)
What is the superior thoracic aperture?
The opening at the top of the thoracic cavity, at the first ribs.
Which structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
Trachea, Oesophagus, Thoracic duct, apexes of lungs.
Also nerves, arteries and veins.
Which ribs are abnormal/ different to the rest?
11th and 12th ribs are floating ribs.
Have no costal cartilage.
Can be used as grafts.
How do the ribs articulate with the vertebrae?
The head of the rib has two articulated facets which articulate with the demifacets of the vertebrae.
The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the rib below.
To which vertebra does a rib belong?
To the vertebra with which the tubercle articulates with the transverse process.
What is the basic anatomy of the rib?
Anterior:
-Costal cartilage connects to sternum.
External and internal surfaces. Costal Tubercle (posterior) Neck (posterior) Head of rib - articulates with demifacets.
How does the chest wall/ ribs move, in order to increase the volume of the thorax.
- Ribs move outwards, increasing lateral dimension.
(Bucket handle) - The sternum moves up and out, > increasing anteroposterior diameter.
(Pump handle)
How do rib movements cause air to move into the lungs?
Increase in volume of thorax, causes < pressure, which causes air to move from high pressure (outside) to low pressure.
Which muscles help with inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration:
Diaphragm
External intercostal
Expiration:
Internal intercostal
Describe the structures of the muscles of breathing.
External intercostal:
Anteromedial direction, lifts ribs.
Internal intercostal:
Right angle to internals, opposite effect
Diaphragm:
Pulls downwards, creating pressure difference.
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm, what are its roots?
Phrenic nerve
C3,4,5
(Keep the diaphragm alive)
What is important to remember about the intercostal anatomy?
The main neurovascular bundle runs along the inferior border of the ribs, so chest drains must be inserted along the superior border of the rib (low in the space)
Which main structures pass through the diaphragm? At which levels?
Vena Cava -T8
Oesophagus -T10
Aortic Hiatus -T12
Describe the venous drainage of the intercostal spaces.
Azygous system: blood collects in azygous vein, and enters superior vena cava.
Where would an aspirated foreign object most likely end up?
Right main bronchus
More vertical than left
Describe the mediastinum
A space below the neck, and above the diaphragm.
Superior, and Inferior.
Superior Mediastinum:
Trachea & Aortic arch
Inferior Mediastinum:
Heart
What is the area in the inferior pleural cavity called?
Costo-phrenic recess
Which arteries supply oxygenated blood to the lungs?
Bronchial arteries
What should be considered with a stab wound around the neck or abdomen?
- Damage to pleura
- Apices extend above the first rib, near the shoulders.
- Diaphragm and Lungs also can be lacerated at lower abdomen.
