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Semester 3: Respiratory > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nasal cavity divided?

A

By the medial nasal septum

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2
Q

What can be found the lateral wall of each nasal cavity?

A

3 bony projections known as turbinates

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3
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • 4 air containing cavities named for the skull bones within which they are situated.
  • Lined by respiratory epithelium and open into spaces below the turbinates in the nasal cavity
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4
Q

What do the vascular mucosa do?

A
  • Lined large surface area presented by turbinates and paranasal sinuses
  • Allow inhaled air to be warmed and humidified
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5
Q

How does turbulence caused by the turbinates affect airflow?

A
  • Slows down airflow

- Increases the time available for warming and humidification. Air is heated to approximately room temperature

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6
Q

How is humidification achieved?

A
  • Transudation of fluid through the epithelium

- By mucus secretion although lesser extent

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7
Q

How are nostril equipped to trap particles inhaled in air?

A
  • Coarse hairs

- Mucus secretion by the goblet cells traps particles and are wafted by cilia to oropharynx where it is swallowed

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8
Q

What is the common passage for air and food?

A

-Parts of the pharynx

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the larynx?

A
  • Links the pharynx to the trachea

- Contains vocal chords which guard the entrance to the trachea

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10
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The vocal cords + aperture between the cords

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11
Q

What happens to the entrance to the trachea when swallowing?

A
  • Laryngeal inlet becomes narrowed
  • The epiglottis folds downwards over laryngeal inlet
  • The vocal cords come together to act as a sphincter closing off the entrance to the trachea
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12
Q

Which muscles cause movement of the vocal cords?

A

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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13
Q

What nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles ( except the cricothyroid muscle)?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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14
Q

What can intra-thoracic disease lead to?

A

Compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side which can result in a hoarse voice due to paralysis of the left vocal cord

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15
Q

Why is the left side of the recurrent laryngeal nerve at risk?

A

It has a long course part of which is inside the thoracic cavity

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16
Q

If the larynx and vocal cords are dysfunctional, what can the effect of this be?

A

Trachea may not be properly closed off during swallowing hence there is a risk of inhalation of food/liquid.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the cough reflex?

A

Protective mechanism to expel inhaled particles and also serves as a clearance mechanism for disposing of excessive secretions from the airways.

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18
Q

What can the opening between the vocal cords present as?

A

Airway obstruction & difficulty in breathing which can be an emergency

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19
Q

What is the first sign of the intra-thoracic disease?

A

Voice change

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20
Q

What is the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Area of lung supplied by segmental bronchus and the accompanying segmental branch of the pulmonary artery. It is drained by segmental pulmonary vein.

Pyramid shaped with its apex facing towards segmental bronchus and base toward lung surface

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21
Q

What is the blood supply for the lungs?

A

Bronchial arteries and pulmonary arteries.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the bronchial arteries?

A

Supply the bronchial tree and visceral pleura with oxygenated blood.

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23
Q

How is most of the blood supplied to the bronchial tree and visceral pleura returned to the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

24
Q

How many pulmonary veins leave each hilum?

A

2

25
Q

How are the lungs drained?

A
  • Hilar nodes (bronchopulmonary nodes)

- Tracheobronchial nodes (efferents from bronchopulmonary nodes)

26
Q

How is the lung innervated?

A

-Right and Left vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunk

27
Q

How is the bronchial smooth muscle innervated?

A

Parasympathetic efferents from the vans are motor to the bronchial smooth muscle

28
Q

How are the mucous glands innervated?

A

Secretomotor nerves

29
Q

How is the diaphragm shaped?

A

Dome shaped

  • Right dome lies at the left of the 5th rib
  • Left at the level of the 5th intercostal space
30
Q

Where does the apex of the lung extend to?

A

Root of the neck

31
Q

What are the local effects of apical lung cancers?

A

Involve

  • Subclavian artery: affects blood supply
  • Subclavian vein: affects blood supply
  • Brachial plexus: Neurological problems
  • Sympathetic chain: affect sympathetic innervation of head and can cause Horner’s
  • Laryngeal nerve: hoarse voice
  • Phrenic nerve: loss of Diaphragm innervation
32
Q

What are some example causes of puncture in the lungs?

A

Stab wounds of the lower neck and cannulation of the subclavian vein

33
Q

What is the effect of punctures to the lung?

A
  • Pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity)

- Haemothorax (blood in pleural cavity)

34
Q

What occurs in pleural effusion?

A

Fluid collects in costo-diaphragmatic space In the upright position

35
Q

Why is the right lung more likely to be the location of foreign bodies?

A

The right bronchus has a wider shaped and is more vertically aligned when compared to the left bronchus

36
Q

What is in the pleural cavity?

A

Pleural fluid which lubricates the cavity

37
Q

What is the purpose of pleural recesses?

A

The pleural recesses allow the lungs to expand into the recesses when inspiration occurs. They have fluid so they will slide

38
Q

Which vertebral levels do these structure pass through the diaphragm?

A)Vena Cava
B)Oesophagus
C)Aortic Hiatus

A

A) T8
B) T10
C) T12

39
Q

What is the importance of the azygos veins?

A

They collect blood from the intercostal spaces and drain it into the vena cava.

40
Q

What is the structure of the right and left lobe of the lung?

A
  • The left lobe has a superior and inferior lobe.The left lobe has an indentation as a result of the heart.
  • The right lobe has superior, inferior and middle lobe most of the time.
41
Q

What are the lobes separated by?

A

They are separated by fissures

42
Q

What is the pathway for the movement of air into the lungs?

A
  • Trachea
  • PRimary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveoli
43
Q

How does the respiratory system develop?

A

Develops as a diverticulum from the pharynx

44
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Induce turbulent flow
  • Warm and moisten inspired air
  • Recover water from expired air
  • Speech production
  • Olfaction (sense of smell)
45
Q

What is the role of turbinates?

A
  • Increase in surface area of contact between air and mucosa

- Induces turbulence of air so increase efficiency for exchange

46
Q

Which arteries supply the lung tissue itself with oxygen in the event of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Bronchial arteries

47
Q

How many fissures are on the left and right lungs?

A

Left lung: Oblique fissure

Right lung: Horizontal Fissure and Oblique Fissure

48
Q

Which direction do the internal fibres run?

A

Run in a perpendicular direction to the external intercostal fibres

49
Q

How the the external intercoastal fibres run?

A

Anteromedially. (hands in pockets direction)

They assist in breathing in.

50
Q

How do the movement of the ribs cause inspiration?

A

Increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore the pressure decrease and therefore air moves in from the environment due to it being a higher pressure.

51
Q

Decribe the movement of the ribs and sternum during inspiration

A
  • Ribs move out and this increases the lateral dimension of the thorax
  • Sternum moves anteriorly and upwards
52
Q

What regulates the movement of substance into the correct passageway?

A

Pharynx

53
Q

What ensures that food and air enter the oesophagus and trachea respectively?

A

The pharynx and larynx

54
Q

Which sits more posteriorly? Oesophagus or trachea

A

Oesaphagus

55
Q

What is special about the articulation of Ribs 11 and 12?

A

They do not articulate with their cartilages

Semester 3: Respiratory (4 decks)

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