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Infection > Session 1 &2: An introduction to Microbes /Antimicrobials and Resistance > Flashcards

Session 1 &2: An introduction to Microbes /Antimicrobials and Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What viruses cause Encephalitis/meningitis

A

-Jc virus -measles-LCM virus-Arbovirus-Rabies

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2
Q

What virus causes pharyngitis?

A

Adenovirus
Epstein-Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus

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3
Q

What virus infect the cvs?

A

Coxsackie B virus

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4
Q

What virus causes hepatitis ?

A

Hepatitis virus types A B C D E G gamma

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5
Q

What are the viruses causes skin infections ?

A 
Varicella zoster virus
Human herpesvirus 6
Smallpox
Molluscum contagiosum
Human papillomavirus
Parvovirus B19
Rubella
Measles
Coxsackie A virus
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6
Q

What are the virus cause the common cold?

A

Rhinoviruses
Parainfluenza virus
Respiratory syncytial virus

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7
Q

What are the viruses causes gingivostomatitis ? التهاب اللثة والفم

A

Herpes simplex type 1

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8
Q

What viruses causes parotitis

A

Mumps virus

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9
Q

What are the viruses that causes sexually transmitted disease?

A

Herpes simplex type 2
Human papillomavirus
HIV

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10
Q

What are the viruses that cause eye infections?

A

Herpes simplex virus
Adenovirus
Cytomegalovirus

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11
Q

what are the viruses that cause pneumonia?

A 
Influenza virus type A and type B
Parainfluenza virus
Respiratory syncytial virus 
Adenovirus 
SARS coronaviruses
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12
Q

What are the viruses causes myelitisالتهاب النخاع؟

A

Poliovirus

HTLV-I

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13
Q

What are the viruses causes gastroenteritis?

A 
Adenovirus 
coronavirus 
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Astrovirus
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14
Q

what are the viruses that cause pancreatitis?

A

Coxsackie B virus

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15
Q

Mention some Gram (+) cocci

A 
Staphylococcus aureus 
Staphylococcus epidermidis 
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
 Streptococcus mutans 
Streptococcus pneumoniae 
Streptococcus pyogenes
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16
Q

Mention some Gram (+) bacilli

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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17
Q

Mention some Gram (–) cocci

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitides Acinetobacter species

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18
Q

Mention some Gram (–) rods

A

Escherichia coli Salmonella typhi Campylobacter jejuni Shigella sonnei Campylobacter fetus Vibrio cholerae Klebsiella pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori

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19
Q

Mention some Fungi :

• Yeasts (single-celled)

A

– Candida albicans

– Cryptococcus neoformans

– Pneumocystis jiroveci

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20
Q

Mention some fungi :

• Molds (multicellular)

A

– Aspergillus species

– Dermatophytes (ringworm, athlete’s foot)

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21
Q

Mention some Parasites:

Protozoa (single-celled)?

A

– Giardia lamblia

– Cryptosporidium parvum

– Plasmodium falciparum

– Trypanosoma cruzi

22
Q

Mention some parasites :

Helminths (worms, multi-cellular)?

A

– Roundworms (e.g Enterobius vermicularis)

– Tapeworms (e.g. Taenia saginata)

– Flukes (e.g. Schistosoma mansoni)

23
Q

What antibiotic used for malaria?

A

Quinine

24
Q

What antibiotic are used for amebiasis (Entamoeba

histolytica).?

A

Emetine

25
Q

What antibiotic are used for syphilis?

A

Arsphenamines

26
Q

broadly active antibiotic

A

Sulfonamides

27
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Beta-lactam antibiotics?

A 
Penicillins
cephalosporins 
Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination 
Monobactams
Carbapenems
28
Q 
Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Tetracyclins?
And on what they are active?
A

Oxytetracycline,doxycycline
 – Similar spectrum, both oral only  – Broad-spectrum but specific use in penicillin allergy, usually for Gram pos  – Active in atypical pathogens in pneumonia  – Active against chlamydia & some protozoa  – Shouldn’t be given to children <12 years

29
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : ansamycin?إنسة مايسن

A

Refadin

30
Q 
Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Aminoglycosides antibiotics
And on what they are active?
A

Streptomycin,gentamicin,kanamycin ,,.
Most common agent is gentamicin  • Profound activity against Gram negs  • Good activity in the blood/urine  • Potentially nephrotoxic/ototoxic  • Generally reserved for severe Gram neg sepsis

31
Q 
Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Macrolides
And on what they are active?
A

Erythromycin & clarithromycin,,
 • Well distributed including intracelleluar

penetration  • Alternative to penicillin for mild Gram pos

infections  • Also active against atypical respiratory

pathogens

32
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : lipopeptide antibiotics?

A

Bacitracin,polymyxin

33
Q 
Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Quinolones=fluoroquinolones
And on what they are active?
A

ciprofloxacin

 • Inhibit DNA gyrase  • Very active against Gram negs  • Also active against atypical pathogens

34
Q 
Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Glycopeptides?
And on what they are active ?
A

vancomycin,,
 – Active against most Gram pos (not G negs)  – Some enterococci resistant (VRE)  – Resistance in staphs rare  – Not absorbed (oral for C. difficile only)

35
Q 
Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Folate pathway inhibitors
And on what they are active?
A

trimethoprim (for TX of UTI), sulphanomides.
Inhibitors of folic acid synthesis  • Trimethoprim used alone in the UK for UTI  • When combined with sulphamethoxazole  – Co-trimoxazole  – Has activity against MRSA

36
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Phenicols

A

chloramphenicol

37
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Lincsamides

A

clindamycin

38
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Fosfomycins

A

fosfomycin

39
Q

Mention antibiotics from this class of antibiotics which classified according to the chemical structure : Nitrofurans

A

nitrofurantoin

40
Q

Give examples of bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

tetracycline, chloramphenicol

41
Q

Give examples of Bactericidal antibiotic?

A

benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin

42
Q

Give examples of broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

tetracyclines are active against many Gramnegative rods, chlamidiae, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae.

43
Q

Give examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics?

A

Vancomycin, is used against certain Gram-positive cocci, namely staphylococci and enterococci.

44
Q

Give example of Inhibition of protein synthesis antibiotic?

A

Tetracycline

45
Q

Give examples of Inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis antibiotics?

A

Rifampin ,fluoroquinolones

46
Q

Give examples of Metabolic pathways inhibition antibiotics?

A

Sulfonamides,trimethoprim

47
Q

Give examples of Penicillins and on what they are active ?

A

• Penicillin: mainly active against streptococci  • Amoxicillin: Also some activity against Gram-negatives  • Flucloxacillin: Active against staphylococci and

streptococci  • Β-lactamase inhibitor combinations: Co-amoxiclav (all

of above +anaerobes + ↑Gr. negative  – Piperacillin/tazobactam (as above + ↑↑ Gr. neg

including pseudomonas)

48
Q

Give examples of Cephalosporins and on what they are active ?

A

Ceftriaxone has good activity in the CSF

49
Q

Give examples of Carbapenemes and on what they are active ?

A

 • Carbapenems: Meropenem (& imipenem)  – Very broad spectrum ,the most broadest spectrum antibiotics class (incl anaerobes)
 – Active against most (not all) Gram negs
 – Generally safe in penicillin allergy.

50
Q

Mention some antifungals and their use?

A

 • Azoles (active against yeasts +/- molds
 – Inhibit cellmembrane synthesis
 – Fluconazole used to treat Candida  • Polyenes (nystatin and amphotericin)
 – Inhibit cell membrane function
 – Nystatin for topical treatment of candida
 – Amphotericin for IV treatment of systemic fungal infections (e.g. aspergillus)

51
Q

Mention some Antivirals and their use?

A

• Aciclovir
 – When phosphorylated inhibits viral DNA polymerase
 – Herpes simplex – genital herpes, encephalitis
 – Varicella zoster – chicken pox & shingles

• Oseltamivir (‘Tamiflu’)
 – Inhibits viral neuraminidase
 – Influenza A & B

52
Q

Explain the nature and the use of Metronidazole ??

A

an antibacterial and Antiprotozoal agent

 • Active against anaerobic bacteria  • Also active against protozoa:

 – Amoebae (dysentery & systemic)
 – Giardia (diarrhoea)
 – Trichomonas (vaginitis)

Infection (3 decks)

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