session 1 Flashcards
Process models of change list
-Teleological theories
-Dialectical theories
-Life cycle theories
-Evolutionary theories
Evolutionary theories definition
change is presented as a continuous cycle of variation, selection and retention. Variations just happen and are not therefore purposeful but are then selected on the basis of best fit with available resources and environmental demands.
Life cycle theories definition
change is presented as a necessary sequence of stages that are cumulative, in the sense that each stage contributes a piece to the final outcome, and related – each stage is a
necessary precursor for the next.
Dialectical theories deifinition
change is presented in terms of balance of power between different interest
groups.
Teleological theories definition
change is presented as an unfolding cycle of goal formulation, implementation, evaluation and learning. Learning is important because it can lead to the modification of goals, or the actions taken to achieve them.
Life cycle and evolutionary theories : predetermined or constructed changment ?
predetermined
Teleological and dialectical theories : predetermined or constructed changment ?
constructed
what is Reactive sequences
occur when key stakeholders involved in a situation challenge each other due to their conflicting goals. In reactive sequences, subsequent events challenge rather than reinforce earlier events.
Exemple page 26
what is Self-reinforcing sequences
occur when a decision or action produces positive feedback that reinforces earlier events
and supports the direction of change
Exemple page 28
Self-reinforcing sequences , what is the three Drivers
- Increasing returns
- Psychological commitment to past decisions
- Cognitive biases
four condition of increasing returns
-Set-up costs
-Learning
-Coordination
-Betting on the right horse
definition of -Set-up costs
– where these are high, there is an incentive to stick with a chosen option so as to spread costs over
a longer run of activity.
definition of Learning
– knowledge gained from repetitive use can lead to increased proficiency and continuous improvement
definition of Coordination
the benefits received from a particular activity increase as others adopt the same option
definition of -Betting on the right horse
– people recognise that options that fail to win broad acceptance will have drawbacks
later on, therefore they are motivated to select the option they think will be adopted by most others
what is escalation of commitment.
when a leader take a decision wich lead to a bad outcome he have to justify and the additional investment may not rescue the situation
what is cognitive bias
Those leading the change can become so committed to a project that they only pay attention to information that supports
their own position
cognitive bias can be reinforced when ?
- the leaders have a history of past successes
- members of the leadership team suppress dissent and impede reality testing
What is self-reinforcing sequences,
during which increasing returns and other forces
promote the development of routines that narrow the scope for action; and
what is reactive sequences
where negative reactions and a hostile context can trigger
discontinuities that push the change in a new direction
what are the changement to put in place to minimise impact from reactive and self-reinforcing sequences ?
-step back
-identify critical junctures
-explore alternative ways
