Sesh 1- Nutrition and Diet

Question 1

Define energy

Answer 1

The capacity to do work

Question 2

Define 1 Kcal

Answer 2

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1Kg of water by 1 degrees

Question 3

What type of energy is used to drive reactions in the body’s cells?

Answer 3

Chemical bond

Question 4

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 4

Energy released greater than energy input

Question 5

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 5

Energy input> energy released

Question 6

Name a short-term energy store.

Answer 6

Creatine phosphate in muscle.

Question 7

Name a long-term energy store

Answer 7

Adipose tissue

Question 8

What are the 3 components of daily energy expenditure?

Answer 8

1. BMR
2. Physical activity level
3. Diet-induced thermogenesis

Question 9

How do you estimate BMR in non-obese individuals?

Answer 9

Weight in Kg X 100

Question 10

How is BMR mainly controlled?

Answer 10

Thyroid hormones

Question 11

What are the 2 major energy-containing components of the diet?

Answer 11

Fats and carbohydrates

Question 12

Which cells can only use glucose for energy?

Answer 12

• Red blood cells
• Neutrophils
• Kidney medulla
• Lens of the eye

Question 13

Why do fats have a 2.2. times greater energy yield than carbohydrates or protein?

Answer 13

They contain less O2, so release more energy when oxidised.

Question 14

What are the 2 essential fatty acids?

Answer 14

Linoleic and linolenic acid.

Question 15

Why would a fat-free diet lead to vitamin A, D, E and K deficiency?

Answer 15

Fat is needed for their absorption.

Question 16

List 4 N-containing compounds that amino acids are essential in forming.

Answer 16

1. Haem
2. Creatine
3. Purines
4. Pyrimidines

Question 17

How is the nitrogen of degraded amino acids excreted?

Answer 17

In urine as urea.

Question 18

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

Answer 18

Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine

Question 19

What is the difference between bonds in starch and glycogen?

Answer 19

Starch- alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

Glycogen- alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds mean it branches

Question 20

Give some examples of why minerals are needed in the diet.

Answer 20

• To establish ion gradients across membranes
• Calcium for signalling
• Calcium/phosphate for bones/ teeth structure
• Iron for Hb

Question 21

What would a niacin deficiency lead to?

Answer 21

Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia)

Question 22

How would you calculate BMI?

Answer 22

Weight(kg)/ Height (m2)

Question 23

What is the normal range for BMI?

Answer 23

18.5 -24.9 kg/m2

Question 24

How would you define obesity?

Answer 24

• Excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue.

- BMI > 30 kg/m2

Question 25

Why is total starvation not a good method for weight loss?

Answer 25

• Increased protein metabolism, so lose lean muscle mass

- Liver converts fatty acids to ketone bodies for the CNS, which can cause ketoacidosis

Question 26

What is the difference in appearance between patients with Marasmus compared to Kwashiorkor?

Answer 26

Marasmus- look generally emaciated but no oedema

Kwashiorkor- general oedema, distended abdomen

Question 27

What is the normal range of plasma glucose concentration?

Answer 27

3.3- 6.0 mmol/L

Question 28

What is the ideal plasma cholesterol concentration?

Answer 28

<5 mmol/L

Question 29

What disaccharide is formed by glucose and fructose?

Answer 29

Sucrose