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MOLBIO (LAB) > Serum Protein Eletcrophoresis > Flashcards

Serum Protein Eletcrophoresis Flashcards

1
Q

Proteis

A

“first rank of importance”

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2
Q

Complex macromolecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Proteins are made up of _______

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

If carboxyl group is directly attached to the central carbon ____________

A

Alpha carboxyl group

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5
Q

If amino group is directly attached to the central carbon __________

A

Primary amino group

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6
Q

Not directly bound called imino group (secondary amino group)

A

Proline

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7
Q

T/F: Proteins at their isoelectric point (where pH is zero), they are basic charged

A

FALSE: Neutrally charged

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8
Q

Structure of proteins are bounded by _________

A

Peptide bonds

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9
Q

Sequence of a chain of amino acids

A

Primary protein structure

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10
Q

T/F: In Primary protein structure, it is important to know the amino acid presents as any change can make it nonfunctional

A

TRUE

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11
Q

A-chain: _____ amino acids

A

141

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12
Q

B-chain: _____ amino acids

A

146

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13
Q

If <146 amino acids = _______ (quantitative defect)

A

Thalassemia

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14
Q

If 6th amino acid becomes glutamic acid to valine = ________

A

HbSS

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15
Q

Qualitative defect in the globin chain

A

Hemoglobinopathy

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

A

Secondary protein structure

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17
Q

Most common produced in Secondary protein structure

A

Helix

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18
Q

Three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

A

Tertiary protein structure

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19
Q

Tertiary protein structure forms how many protein molecule?

A

1

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20
Q

Product of Tertiary protein structure

A

One (1) protein structure

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21
Q

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

A

Quaternary protein structure

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22
Q

All proteins in the body is synthesized by the liver except for immunoglobulins which is produced by the __________

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

Synthesis of proteins are specified by the ______

A

DNA

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24
Q

T/F: Protein causes the variation of people

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Protein is transcribed by the mRNA which occurs in the ________

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

Translation in mRNA developed into protein occurs in the _____/_______

A

Ribosome/Cytoplasm

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27
Q

Enumerate the classification of proteins

A

Sample protein

Conjugated proteins

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28
Q

Enumerate the types of Simple protein

A

Globular protein

Fibrous protein

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29
Q

Contains a peptide chain of amino acids.

A

Simple proteins

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30
Q

Symmetrical proteins that are water soluble

A

Globular protein

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31
Q

Functions as transporter, enzymes and messengers

A

Globular protein

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32
Q

Example of Globular protein:

A

Albumin
Hemoglobin
IgA
IgM
IgG

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33
Q

Long protein filaments, asymmetrical and usually inert (provides structure)

A

Fibrous protein

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34
Q

T/F: Fibrous protein are water soluble

A

FALSE: they are generally water insoluble because of their hydrophobic R groups

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35
Q

Examples of Fibrous proteins

A

Troponins
Collagens

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36
Q

Proteins (apoprotein) + non protein group (prosthetic group)

A

Conjugated proteins

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37
Q

Enumerate the types of Conjugated proteins

A
  1. Metalloprotein
  2. Lipoprotein
  3. Glycoprotein
  4. Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans
  5. Nucleoprotein
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38
Q

Proteins with irons

A

Metalloprotein

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39
Q

Examples of Metalloprotein

A

Ferritin (ferric iron)
Ceruloplasmin (copper)
Hemoglobin (ferrous iron)

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40
Q

Protein with lipids

A

Lipoprotein

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41
Q

Examples of Lipoprotein

A

VLDL
HDL
LDL
CM

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42
Q

Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrates how many percent?

A

10-40%

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43
Q

Example of Glycoproteins

A

Ceruloplasmin
Haptoglobin
A1-antitrypsin

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44
Q

Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans are also proteins with carbohydrates with a percentage of?

A

> 40%

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45
Q

Example of Mucoproteins/Proteoglycans

A

Mucin

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46
Q

Protein with nucleic acid

A

Nucleoprotein

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47
Q

Example of Nucleoprotein

A

Chromatin (DNA strands, condensed and coiled in histones)

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48
Q

What is the principle of Electrophoresis

A

Migration of charged particles in an electric field

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49
Q

Components of Electrophoresis

A

Electrical power
Buffer
Support medium
Sample and Detector

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50
Q

Driving force

A

Electrical power

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51
Q

Supports the pH of the substance to undergo migration

A

Buffer

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52
Q

Example of buffer

A

Barbital (veronal) 8.6 pH

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53
Q

T/F: Buffer turns proteins to be negatively charged and goes to the anode (+ charged)

A

TRUE

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54
Q

Enumerate the different support media

A

Cellulose acetate
Agarose gel
Polyacrylamide gel
Starch gel

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55
Q

● Separates by molecular size
● Most commonly used in SPE

A

Cellulose acetate

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56
Q

Cellulose acetate separates proteins by how many fractions?

A

6 fractions

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57
Q

● Separates by electrical charge

A

Agarose gel

58
Q

Agarose gel separates protein into how many fractions?

A

6 fractions

59
Q

● Separates by molecular size and electrical charge
● Used to study individual proteins

A

Polyacrylamide gel

60
Q

Polyacrylamide gel separate proteins into how many fractions?

A

20 fractions

61
Q

Similar to polyacrylamide gel but is harder to prepare

A

Starch gel

62
Q

T/F: Strains are utilized since migrations are not visible

63
Q

Enumerate the stains

A

Amido black
Ponceau S
Gold/Silver stain

64
Q

Visual protein and enzymes

A

Amido black
Ponceau S

65
Q

Can detect nanograms (small proteins)

A

Gold/Silver stain

66
Q

○ It measures the absorbance of stain
○ It scans and quantitates electrophoretic pattern
○ Represented by the peak

A

Densitometry

67
Q

T/F: In densitometry, the higher the peak, the lighter the band

A

FALSE: the DARKER the band

68
Q

Plasma proteins two major groups:

A

Albumin group
Globulins

69
Q

Function as transporters, maintain osmotic pressure, and amino acid reserves.

A

Albumin group

70
Q

The two major group of plasma proteins are grouped based on their ___________

A

Electrophoretic activity

71
Q

Enumerate the Globulins

A

a. α1 globulin
b. α2 globulin
c. β globulin
d. γ globulin

72
Q

Enumerate the albumin group

A

Pre-albumin
Albumin

73
Q

● Aka Transthyretin

A

Pre-albumin

74
Q

● To know if it is really CSF

A

Pre-albumin

75
Q

PRE-ALBUMIN

Transport proteins:

A

T3
T4
Retinol

76
Q

Detect malnutrition and individual’s response to dietary supplementation

A

Pre-albumin

77
Q

General transport protein

78
Q

Maintains osmotic pressure

79
Q

Indicator of nutritional status and indicator for short term glycemic control (fructosamine)

80
Q

ALBUMIN

Increased:
Decreased

A

Dehydration

Hepatic cirrhosis (low synthesis
Nephrotic syndrome (increased excretion)

81
Q

Enumerate ɑ1-Globulin Group Proteins

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein
Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG)
Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor
Α1-lipoprotein
Group-specific component globulin (GC Globulin)

82
Q

Major inhibitor of protease activity

A

Alpha-1-Anritrypsin

82
Q

Major inhibitor of protease activity

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

83
Q

Inhibits neutrophil elastase (part of the neutrophil granules)

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

84
Q

Attacks the infection (if not inhibited, it can also destroy cells in the lungs causing emphysema)

A

Neutrophil elastase

85
Q

Most abundant A1 Globulin group proteins

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) - 90%

86
Q

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT)

Increased:
Decreased

A

Inflammation

Emphysema, juvenile hepatic cirrhosis, SERPINA1 gene mutation

87
Q

A1 Globulin group proteins most abundant among fetus

A

Alpha-1-Fetoprotein

88
Q

Alpha-1-Fetoprotein synthesized by ______ (children) and the ______ (adult)

A

Embryo
Liver

89
Q

Migrates between albumin and α1-globulin (nearer)

A

Alpha 1-Fetoprotein

90
Q

Alpha-1-Fetoprotein

Increased
Decreased

A

Neural tube defects
(amniotic fluid), twin fetus (maternal serum), hepatoma (tumor marker for liver cancer)

Trisomy 21 (down) and 18 (edward)

91
Q

Diagnostic tool for neonatal bacterial infections

A

Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG)

92
Q

● Pathognomonic for alzheimer’s disease
● Seen in COPD and parkinson’s disease

A

Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin

93
Q

Indirect marker for atherosclerosis

A

Α1-lipoprotein

94
Q

Vitamin D binding protein

A

Group-specific component globulin (GC Globulin)

95
Q

● All a1 globulin group proteins are positive acute phase reactant ecxcept for ________

A

alpha1-lipoprotein (-)

96
Q

Enumerate the ɑ2-Globulin Group Proteins

A

Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin
α2-Macroglobulin (AMG)

97
Q

● Tetramer: 2 alpha, 2 beta
○ 2 hemoglobin for 1 _________

A

Haptoglobin

98
Q

Haptoglobin

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Myoglobinuria, stress, inflammation
● Decreased: Intravascular hemolysis

99
Q

Copper-binding glycoprotein

A

Ceruloplasmin

100
Q

Ceruloplasmin is a marker for ___________

A

Wilson’s disease

101
Q

Copper: Imparts ______ color to the plasmin

102
Q

Ceruloplasmin

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Inflammation, cancer, pregnancy
● Decreased: Wilson’s disease, Menkey’s
syndrome (kinky hair)

103
Q

Largest major non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma

A

α2-Macroglobulin (AMG)

104
Q

Reciprocal marker with albumin for nephrotic syndrome

A

a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)

105
Q

a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)

○ ↓ ALB = ↑ AMG (by ____ folds)

106
Q

a2-Macroglobulin (AMG)

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Nephrosis, Pregnancy, Diabetes, Liver Disease, Contraceptive medication
● Decreased: Inflammation

107
Q

All a2 Globulin group proteins are acute phase reactant except _________

A

a2- Macroglobulin

108
Q

Enumerate β-Globulin Group Protein

A

Transferrin
Hemopexin
B2-Miroglobulin
Fibrinogen
C-Reactive protein
Complement
Pre-B Lipoproteins
Beta Lipoproteins

109
Q

Transferrin aka ______

A

siderophilin

110
Q

Major β-globulin protein

A

Transferrin

111
Q

Transporter of ferric ions

A

Transferrin

112
Q

TRANSFERRIN

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Iron deficiency anemia
● Decreased: Inflammation, Nephrotic syndrome

113
Q

Binds free heme

114
Q

1 heme (__________________) = 1 hemopexin

A

ferriprotoporphyrin IX

115
Q

Hemopexin

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Inflammation
● Decreased: Intravascular hemolysis, hemolytic anemia

116
Q

Needed for production of CD8 cells

A

β2-Microglobulin

117
Q

Example of CD8 cells

A

T-cytotoxic

118
Q

β2-Microglobulin

Increased:

A

Inflammation, renal failure, HIV (increased BMG but no renal failure - attacks CD4+ cells which makes CD8 increase)

119
Q

Aka clotting factor I

A

Fibrinogen

120
Q

Most abundant coagulation factor

A

Fibrinogen

121
Q

Marker for long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease

A

Fibrinogen

122
Q

Fibrinogen

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Inflammation
● Decreased: Extensive coagulation

123
Q

First APR to respond during inflammation

A

C-Reactive protein

124
Q

Undetectable in blood of healthy individuals.

A

C-Reactive protein

125
Q

Early cardiac marker

A

C-Reactive protein

126
Q

All β-Globulin Group Protein are acute phase reactant except for __________

A

Transferrin

127
Q

Enumerate the Immunoglobulins

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

128
Q

Synthesized by Plasma cells / B-cells

A

Immunoglobulins

129
Q

Immunoglobulins

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: Multiple myeloma, infections, allergic reaction
● Decreased: Immunodeficiencies (HIV)

130
Q

Enumerate Abnormal Serum Protein Electrophoretic Pattern

A

Inflammation
Hepatic cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Multiple myeloma
Emphysema

131
Q

Inflammation

Increased
Decreased

A

● Increased: a1, a2 and beta (+ APR)
● Decreased: albumin (- APR)

132
Q

Abnormality in three bands

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

133
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis decreased

134
Q

___-____ bridging (due to ____)

A

Beta-gamma bridging

IgA

135
Q

↓ ALB = ↑ AMG

A

Nephrotic syndrome

136
Q

Increased: immunoglobulin (only found in the gamma region)

A

Multiple Myeloma

137
Q

Forming gamma spike

A

Multiple Myeloma

138
Q

Confirmatory test

A

Multiple Myeloma

139
Q

Decreased: A1-antitrypsin

140
Q

○ Inhibits the neutrophil elastase
○ Large quantity causing absence of the a1 band

A

A1-antitrypsin

141
Q

Emphysema is also called as ___________________

A

“A1-globulin flat curve”

MOLBIO (LAB) (3 decks)

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