Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IS FINALS > SEROLOGY TESTS > Flashcards

SEROLOGY TESTS Flashcards

1
Q

PRESERVING SERUM

A

Physical- refrigerate for 72 hrs at 4-6C.

Chemical- add 0.001g Merthiolate powder per mL of serum or 5% phenol or
tricresol at 0.1ml/ml of serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

inactivation of serum

A

Physical- heat serum at 56C for 30 mins
or heat at 60-62C for 3-4 mins

Chemical- Add choline chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

–Frequency of positive result obtained in the testing of a
population who are truly positive

A

Sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

–Proportion of negative test results obtained on the population
who lack the antibody being detected

A

Specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

–Reaction between a single antigenic determinant (epitope)
and single antibody

A

Affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

–Strength of binding between an Antigen with many
determinants and multivalent Antibody.

A

Avidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

immunologic reactions

A

primary, secondary and tertiary AG-AB rxn -

  1. PRIMARY AG-AB REACTION
    - MOST SENSITIVE
    –No visible reaction, first union of Ag-Ab
    –Farr, Equilibrium, Dialysis, ELISA, RIA , IFA
  2. SECONDARY AG-AB REACTION - LESS
    SENSITIVE
    –Visible reaction
    –Precipitation, Agglutination, Neutralization, complement fixation
  3. TERTIARY AG-AB REACTION
    –In vivo Ag-Ab reaction
    –Phagocytosis, Opsonization, chemotaxi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Process whereby specific antigens aggregate
to form larger visible clumps when the
corresponding specific antibody is present in
the serum. Clumping and sedimentation of
Particulate Ag/Ab complexes

A

agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Agglutinins vs
Agglutinogen

A

 Agglutinins- Antibodies that agglutinate
antigen
 Agglutinogen – Associated antige

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

stages of agglutination

A
  1. sensitization
  2. elution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

– First phase of agglutination
– Physical attachment of antibody molecules to antigen on erythrocyte membrane
– Reversible

A

SENSITIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subsequent release of antibody into
surrounding medium by manipulation of the
physical condition to break antigen-antibody
complex

A

ELUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING HEMAGLUTTINATIOBN

A
  1. PARTICLE CHARGE
    * Zeta potential
  2. ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION AND VISCOSITY
  3. ANTIGEN-TO-ANTIBODY RATIO
    * ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE- no. of multivalent sites of antigen and
    antibodies are equal
    * PROZONE- excess antibody
    * POST ZONE- excess antigen
  4. ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
  5. PHYSICAL CONDITION
    * pH – 6.5-7.5
    * Temperature- cold reacting, warm reacting
    * Time- 15 -60 minutes depending on the antibod
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Establishment of cross-links between
sensitized particles and antibodies ~
agglutination

A

LATTICE FORMATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Forces involved in Antigen-Antibody
Binding:
1. Electrostatic Forces (Ionic Bonds)
2. Van der Waals Forces (London Dispersion
Forces)
3. Hydrogen Binding
4. Hydrophobic Binding

A
  1. Electrostatic Forces (Ionic Bonds)
  2. Van der Waals Forces (London Dispersion
    Forces)
  3. Hydrogen Binding
  4. Hydrophobic Binding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TYPES OF AGGLUTINATION

A
  1. DIRECT
  2. INDIRECT
    b) Passive
  3. AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
  4. COAGGLUTINATION
  5. HEMAGGLUTINATION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

– Agglutination of natural Ag (ABO, Rh, Cold agglutination)

A

DIRECT AGGLUTINATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

–Agglutination of particulate Ag (latex, charcoal, bentonite)

A

INDIRECT AGGLUTINATION

a) Reverse Passive – for Ag detection ; Uses antibody
coated particles (CRP latex test)

b) Passive – for Ab detection ; Uses antigen coated
particles (ASO latex test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CARRIWER OF COAGLUTINATION

A

Carrier: Bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

BLOCKING PRINCIPLE

A
  1. AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TYPES OF HEMAGLUTTINATION

A

a) Direct – natural Ag

b) Indirect - Needs AHG to effect hemagglutination
(Coomb’s)

c) Passive Hemagglutination – uses passive Ag ; (+)
Hemagglutination:carpet / Mat cells)

d) Hemagglutination inhibition- Blocking ; (+) No
hemagglutination : Button cell

e) Virus Hemagglutination – influenza, mumps

f) Virus hemagglutination inhibition – influenza, mumps, german measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

 Aggregation of soluble test antigens
 Interaction of Ag with Ab in correct proportion
 Layering of antigen in solution over a small volume of
antiserA

A

PRECIPITATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MECHANISM OF PRECIPITATIOB

A

 Mechanism : sensitization and Lattice formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

A
  1. Gel precipitation
     Immunodiffusion (ID)
    * RID (Single ID)
     Fahey
     Mancini
    * Ouchterlony (Double)
     Electroimmunodiffusion (EID)
  2. Liquid precipitation
     Lancefield
     Neufield quellung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

– One reactant (Ag or Ab) remains fixed in gel
– Other reactant is allowed to moved
– Interaction with the reagent that is immobilized
– Reagents become fixed in the gel if they are added to the gel medium while it is in liquid form

A

SINGLE IMMUNODIFFUSION
TECHNIQUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

– Both reactants (Ag and Ab) diffuse within a gel
– Both reagents are added after gel has set

A

DOUBLE IMMUNODIFFUSION
TECHNIQUE

27
Q

A simple , specific method for identification and quantification of a number
of proteins found in serum and other body fluids

A

RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION
(RID)

28
Q

Internal reactants like specific antibodies added to buffered agarose
medium, and serum containing standard volume of CHON or Ag is placed in
well, centered in agarose

A

RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION
(RID)

29
Q

RID MEHOD

A
  1. FAHEY (KINETIC DIFFUSION)
    * Kinetic approach in which the ring diameter is
    read at a specified time 18 hours to 24 hours
  2. MANCINI (ENDPOINT DIFFUSION)
    * Ring diameter is read after diffusion is
    completed, usually after 48 hours of incubation
30
Q

RID

RESULT :
INTERPRETATION :
QUANTITATIVE :

A

RESULT : PRECIPITIN RING
INTERPRETATION : DIAMETER OF THE RING IS PROPORTIONAL TO
THE CONCENTRATION
QUANTITATIVE : IG LEVELS, SERUM CHONS, COMPLEMENT
COMPONENTS

31
Q

First method used in establishing relationship of HBsAg to Hepa B. Both
reactants (Ag and Ab) diffuse within a gel. Thus, both reagents are added
after the gel has set

A

OUCHTERLONY

32
Q

Ag/ab complexes form and precipitate when the 2 reactants meet at the
equivalence zone

A

OUCHTERLONY

33
Q

Use to determine the relationship between Ag and Ab
Both Ag and Ab diffuse

A

OUCHTERLONY

34
Q

OUCHTERLONY RESULT

A

–Identity : SINGLE SMOOTH ARC/ CURVE LINE
Ab is precipitating identical Ag specificities
–Non-identity : CROSS- No common antigen determinants
–Partial identity : SPUR LINE- Antigens are Not identical but Common
Antigen determinan

35
Q

Immunodiffusion reaction in a support medium with the
use of electric current to enhance mobility of reactants
and to increase movement toward one another

A

ELECTROIMMUNIDIFFUSION

36
Q

MEHODS OF EID

A

COUNTERCURRENT IMMUNOELETROPHORESIS
(CIE)

ROCKET ELECTROPHORESIS/ LAURELL
TECHNIQUE

37
Q

PRINCIPLE:
Antibody : Positively charged : Migrates toward the
cathode (-)
Antigen : negatively charged : Migrates toward the anode
(+)

A

ELECTROIMMUNIDIFFUSION

38
Q
  • Antigen and antibody migrate toward each other by
    electrophoresis
  • Used only when Ag and Ab have opposite charges
A

COUNTERCURRENT IMMUNOELETROPHORESIS

39
Q
  • Ag and Ab different charges at selected pH
  • Band coverage finally meet at the middle, when all antigen is
    precipitated , the precipitin patter resembles that of a shooting
    rocket
A

ROCKET ELECTROPHORESIS/ LAURELL
TECHNIQUE

40
Q

IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS RESULT

A

METHOD
* Ag is separated by electrophoresis
* Ab is placed in trough cut in the agar

INTERPRETATION
* Precipitin represent individual antigen

ADVANTAGE
* Reliable and accurate method fro detecting structural abnormalities
and concentration changes in proteins
* Useful in screening circulating immune complexes/ Myeloma proteins

APPLICATIONS
* Serum- detection of monoclonal gammopathy
* Urine- detection of Bence Jones Protein

41
Q

A cellulose acetate strip impregnated with
antiserum is placed over the separate proteins
after serum , urine or CSF are electrophoresed

  • Diffusion of antiserum into the gel occurs rapidly,
    resulting in precipitation
  • The cellulose acetate strip are then removed and
    the precipitin bands are stained
A

IMMUNOFIXATION/RESSLER TECHNIQUE

42
Q

Antigens are separated by Poly Acrylomide Gel
Electrophoresis (PAGE) and trans-blotted onto
nitrocellulose/nylon membranes

A

WESTERN BLOT

43
Q
  • Antibodies in serum react with specific antigens
  • Signals are detected according to the principles
    of test systems
  • Antibodies against microbes with numerous
    cross-reacting antibodies identified more
    specifically
A

WESTERN BLOT

44
Q

NEUTRALIZATION RESULT

A
  • Virus (Ag) + Serum (Ab) -> Injected (test animal) -> Observed for
    reaction
  • (+) Neutralization: Animal does not die
  • (-) Neutralization: Animal died
45
Q

TOXIN NEUTRALIZATION

A
  • ASO titration test (In vitro)
  • Animal protection test (In Vivo)
  • Schick and Dick test (In Vivo)
46
Q

VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION

A
  • Pock and Plaque reduction
  • Tissue culture technique
  • Metabolic inhibition test
  • In vivo and In ovo test
47
Q

COMPLEMENT FIXATION

PRINCIPLE METHOD AND RESULT

A

PRINCIPLE :
 Ag + Ab = Ag-Ab complex + COMPLEMENT = (FIXED) unable to react to
other cells
METHOD :
* Rgt (Ag) + Unknown (Ab) + Guinea Pig serum + Sensitized sheep RBC + Rabbit anti sera
* Guinea pig serum - best source of complement
* Rabbit anti-sera- best source of hemolysin/ amboceptor (use to sensitized the indicator
cell)
* Sensitized sheep’s RBC – indicator cells
RESULT :
(+)- No Hemolysis
(-) – Hemolysi

48
Q

A specific type of precipitation that occurs
over a narrow range of Ag concentration
Aggregation of colloidal particles
(clumping) in a serological reaction

A

FLOCCULATION

49
Q

FLOCCULATION TESTS

A

VDRL
RPR
TRUST
USR

50
Q

any substance that will complex
to another substance; the substance to be
measured

A

LIGAND

51
Q

one reactant is labeled
so that the amount of binding can be
measured

A

LIGAND ASSAY

52
Q

2 TYPES OF MMUNOASSAY

A
  1. HETEROGENOUS
  2. HOMOGENOUS
53
Q
  • Involve a solid phase (microwell, beads)
  • Require washing step to remove unbound
    antigens or antibodies
  • Competitive or Non competitive
A

HETEROGENOUS

54
Q
  • Liquid phase only
  • Do not require washing
  • Faster and easier to automate
A

HOMOGENOUS

55
Q

CONSTITUENT OF LBELED IMMUNOASSAY

A
  1. LABLED ANALYTES
  2. ANTIBODIES
  3. STANDARD OR CALIBRATION
    4.SEPARATION METHODS
    5.LABEL DETECTION
56
Q

A. This method uses LABELED ANTIBODY that is
present in excess.
B. The amount of radioactivity is directly
proportional to the concentration of antige

A

NON-COMPETITIVE IMMUNORADIOMETRIC
ASSAYS (IRMA)

57
Q

2 METHOD OF RADIOMMMUNOASSAY

A

LIQUID PHASE RIA
* Determination of Radioactivity of analytes
SOLID PHASE RIA
* Hormones like insulin, GH, ACTH, T3, T4 and
estrogen
* Serum proteins like CEA, anti-DNA

58
Q

APPLICATION FO RIA

A
  1. RADIOALLERGO SORBENT TEST
    (RAST)

2.RADIOIMMUNOSORBENT TEST (RIST)

59
Q

 Used to detect allergenic antibodies (allergic)
 Employs a paper disc + Patient serum → Washed with saline →
Radioactively labeled anti serum specific for human IgE is applied to
the disc → Measure the IgE

A

RADIOALLERGO SORBENT TEST
(RAST)

60
Q

 Measures the total IgE concentration in serum (allergic and
parasitism)
 Uses a paper + Patient serum → IgE in the serum reacts specifically
with disc → Disc is washed → Addition of radiolabeled antibody
(sheep or rabbit) to human IgE → Measure the total Ige

A

RADIOIMMUNOSORBENT TEST (RIST)

61
Q

ADV AND DIS OF RIA

A

ADVANTAGE:
1. Sensitive and Precise technique for
determining trace amounts of analytes that
are small in size
DISADVANTAGE:
1. Health hazard is involved in working
radioactive substance
2. Disposal of radioactive wastes in an
environmental problem
3. RIA require expensive equipment

62
Q

MULA ELISA BASAHIN MO NALANG LOL

A
63
Q
A

IS FINALS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions