Sepsis Flashcards
A complete syndrome involving early activation of both pro and anti-inflammatory responses along with major dysfunctions in cardiovascular, neurologic, autonomic, hormonal, bioenergetic, metabolic, and coagulation responses.
Sepsis
The body‘s first line of defense. It is made up of complement proteins and immune cells such as natural killer cells, monocytes, mast cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Innate immune response
This immune response takes days to develop and involves interactions among the pathogen, two classes of lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) and the creation of antibodies against the pathogen.
Adaptive immune response
Most common cause of sepsis?
Bacterial
These cells play queue role in destruction of transformed host cells and are important in destruction of cells infected with viruses or mutated cancerous cells.
Natural killer cells
These cells release a large quantity of histamine upon activation, causing vasodilation and inflammation, increasing the Permeability of tissues and, therefore, allowing additional phagocytes to penetrate the infected area of tissue.
Mast cells
These cells can engulf the invading microbe and secrete a number of cytokines and chemokines upon activation, such as tumor necrosis factor in interleukin-6, accelerating the host response to the foreign invader.
Monocytes (macrophages or Dendritic cells)
Chemicals that are released in the innate immune response and can initiate the adaptive immune response.
Cytokines
These things work by binding to the microbes of antigens, coating them so that Phagocytes can recognize them as foreign.
Complement proteins
What does SIRS stand for?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome.(sepsis)
SIRS criteria?
Temperature: >38 degrees C or < 36 degrees C (100.4 and 96.8)
Heart Rate: > 90 beats/min
Respiratory: Rate >20 breaths/min or <4 breaths/min
White blood: cell count >12 or < 4
Life-threatening organ disfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
Definition of sepsis
When would it be appropriate to cover the patient with a mask?
If the patient is having a significant productive cough, but not showing signs of respiratory distress. Universal precaution should always be followed.
Common cardinal complaints or symptoms related to sepsis?
Pneumonia Urinary track infection Cellulitis Intra--abdominal infections; appendicitis, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, pelvic inflammatory disease. Meningitis Recent treatment of outpatient infection
Indicators of respiratory failure?
Respirations greater than 24 or less than six
Oxygen saturation less than 94%
ET CO2 less than 25 mmHg
Changes in skin color including cyanosis of the lips
Tracheal tugging, nasal flaring, intercostal retractions, adventitious lung sounds, changes in body position to sniffing or tripod position
