Separation Minima Flashcards
Radar Separation (horizontal): standard
5nm
Vertical separation during climb or descent
- 15 mins while vertical separation doesn’t exist
- 10 mins when navaids permit frequent determination of position
- 5 mins provided level change is commenced within 10 mins the second aircraft has reported over a reporting point
Horizontal lateral separation is based on:
Different tracks or different locations (i.e. using distances and angles from beacons/fixes)
Horizontal longitudinal separation is based on:
TImings between aircraft
Lateral separation: VORs - degrees and distance
15 degrees and 15nm
Lateral separation: NDBs - degrees and distance
30 degrees and 15nm
Lateral separation: DR - degrees and distance
45 degrees and 15nm
Lateral separation: RNAV - degrees and distance
15 degrees and appropriate airspace value
Longitudinal separation: standard separation
15 minutes
Longitudinal separation: if navaids allow frequent determination of position and speed
10 minutes
Longitudinal separation: if preceding aircraft is 20kts faster
5 minutes
Longitudinal separation: if preceding aircraft is 40kts faster
3 minutes
Longitudinal separation: climb or descent through another’s track (standard)
15 minutes
Longitudinal separation: climb or descent through another’s track, when navaids permit frequent determination of position and speed
10 minutes
Mach number technique: max and minimum separation
Maximum: 10 minutes
Minimum: 5 minutes
Mach number technique: separations of aircraft on same track
10 minutes (MN equal) 9 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.02 faster) 8 minutes ((preceding aircraft M0.03 faster) 7 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.04 faster) 6 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.05 faster) 5 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.06 faster)
European minimum longitudinal separation minima (ICAO variation)
3 minutes
Providing:
- progress continuously monitored by radar
- radar separation never less than 20nm
Minimum longitudinal separation providing simultaneous RNAV (DME) distances at frequent intervals and using same on-track waypoints
80nm
RNP RNAV longitudinal and lateral separation minima
RNP 10: 50nm
RNP 4: 30nm
Radar Separation (horizontal): if radar capabilities permit
3nm
Radar Separation (horizontal): aircraft established on same approach track
2.5nm
Separation of departing aircraft: aircraft departing on tracks diverging by 45 degrees or more
1 minute
Separation of departing aircraft: if preceding aircraft is 40kt or more faster
2 minutes
Separation of departing aircraft: departing aircraft flown through same level of preceding aircraft
5 minutes
Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft
Instrument approach - direction or take-off and take-off initiated before?
Any direction: before arriving aircraft has started its procedure or base turn
From 45 degrees or more: before arriving aircraft has started its procedure or base turn AND at least THREE minutes before aircraft is expected over runway
Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft
Straight-in approach - take-off initiated before and direction of take-off?
Any direction: FIVE minutes before aircraft is expected over runway
From 45 degrees or more: at least THREE minutes before aircraft is expected over runway
or
before arriving aircraft crosses a designated fix