Separation Minima

Question 1

Radar Separation (horizontal): standard

Answer 1

5nm

Question 2

Vertical separation during climb or descent

Answer 2

• 15 mins while vertical separation doesn’t exist
• 10 mins when navaids permit frequent determination of position
• 5 mins provided level change is commenced within 10 mins the second aircraft has reported over a reporting point

Question 3

Horizontal lateral separation is based on:

Answer 3

Different tracks or different locations (i.e. using distances and angles from beacons/fixes)

Question 4

Horizontal longitudinal separation is based on:

Answer 4

TImings between aircraft

Question 5

Lateral separation: VORs - degrees and distance

Answer 5

15 degrees and 15nm

Question 6

Lateral separation: NDBs - degrees and distance

Answer 6

30 degrees and 15nm

Question 7

Lateral separation: DR - degrees and distance

Answer 7

45 degrees and 15nm

Question 8

Lateral separation: RNAV - degrees and distance

Answer 8

15 degrees and appropriate airspace value

Question 9

Longitudinal separation: standard separation

Answer 9

15 minutes

Question 10

Longitudinal separation: if navaids allow frequent determination of position and speed

Answer 10

10 minutes

Question 11

Longitudinal separation: if preceding aircraft is 20kts faster

Answer 11

5 minutes

Question 12

Longitudinal separation: if preceding aircraft is 40kts faster

Answer 12

3 minutes

Question 13

Longitudinal separation: climb or descent through another’s track (standard)

Answer 13

15 minutes

Question 14

Longitudinal separation: climb or descent through another’s track, when navaids permit frequent determination of position and speed

Answer 14

10 minutes

Question 15

Mach number technique: max and minimum separation

Answer 15

Maximum: 10 minutes
Minimum: 5 minutes

Question 16

Mach number technique: separations of aircraft on same track

Answer 16

10 minutes (MN equal)
9 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.02 faster)
8 minutes ((preceding aircraft M0.03 faster)
7 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.04 faster)
6 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.05 faster)
5 minutes (preceding aircraft M0.06 faster)

Question 17

European minimum longitudinal separation minima (ICAO variation)

Answer 17

3 minutes

Providing:

• progress continuously monitored by radar
• radar separation never less than 20nm

Question 18

Minimum longitudinal separation providing simultaneous RNAV (DME) distances at frequent intervals and using same on-track waypoints

Answer 18

80nm

Question 19

RNP RNAV longitudinal and lateral separation minima

Answer 19

RNP 10: 50nm

RNP 4: 30nm

Question 20

Radar Separation (horizontal): if radar capabilities permit

Answer 20

3nm

Question 21

Radar Separation (horizontal): aircraft established on same approach track

Answer 21

2.5nm

Question 22

Separation of departing aircraft: aircraft departing on tracks diverging by 45 degrees or more

Answer 22

1 minute

Question 23

Separation of departing aircraft: if preceding aircraft is 40kt or more faster

Answer 23

2 minutes

Question 24

Separation of departing aircraft: departing aircraft flown through same level of preceding aircraft

Answer 24

5 minutes

Question 25

Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft

Instrument approach - direction or take-off and take-off initiated before?

Answer 25

Any direction: before arriving aircraft has started its procedure or base turn

From 45 degrees or more: before arriving aircraft has started its procedure or base turn AND at least THREE minutes before aircraft is expected over runway

Question 26

Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft

Straight-in approach - take-off initiated before and direction of take-off?

Answer 26

Any direction: FIVE minutes before aircraft is expected over runway

From 45 degrees or more: at least THREE minutes before aircraft is expected over runway

or

before arriving aircraft crosses a designated fix