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Chemistry Paper 2 > Separate Chemistry 2 (Topic 9) > Flashcards

Separate Chemistry 2 (Topic 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cation

A

A positively charged ion, nearly all metal ions

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2
Q

What are the two tests for cations

A
  1. Flame test
  2. Metal hydroxide test
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3
Q

Steps of the flame test

A
  1. Take a platinum or nichrome wire loop, and dip it in dilute hydrochloric acid and heat over a bunsen burner
  2. Dip the loop in the compound you want to test
  3. Hold the wire loop in the clear blue part of the bunsen flame (hottest)
  4. See what colour flame the compound burns
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4
Q

What colour does lithium burn

A

Red

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5
Q

What colour does sodium burn

A

Yellow

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6
Q

What colour does potassium burn

A

Liliac

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7
Q

What colour does calcium burn

A

Orange - red

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8
Q

What colour does copper burn

A

green - blue

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9
Q

How do you perform the metal hydroxide test

A

Mix the metal ion with a solution of sodium hydroxide and see what colour the solution turns

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10
Q

What colour precipitate does Copper(II) form when reacting with hydroxide ions

A

A blue precipitate of copper hydroxide

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11
Q

What colour precipitate does calcium form

A

A white precipitate

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12
Q

What colour precipitate does Iron(II) form

A

A green precipitate

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13
Q

What colour precipitate does Iron(III) form

A

A brown precipitate

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14
Q

What colour precipitate does Aluminium form

A

A white precipitate

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15
Q

How to differentiate between aluminium and calcium

A

If you add excess sodium hydroxide, aluminium’s white precipitate will redissolve to form a colourless solution

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16
Q

What colour precipitate does Magnesium form

A

A white precipitate

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17
Q

What is an anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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18
Q

How to test for carbonate ions

A
  1. React the substance with Hydrochloric acid
  2. If the substance contains carbonate ions, carbon dioxide gas will bubble out of the solution
  3. Collect the gas and bubble it through limewater
  4. If the limewater turns cloudy, carbon dioxide is present
  5. therefore if it contained carbon dioxide it contained carbonate ions
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19
Q

When testing for carbonate ions how can the gas be collected

A
  • attaching the top of the test tube to a gas syringe
  • Place an upside down measuring cylinder over the test tube to trap the gas
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20
Q

How to test for sulfate ions

A
  1. React the solution with hydrochloric acid to remove any carbonate ions
  2. Add barium chloride solution
  3. if sulfate ions are present, it will form a white precipitate of barium sulfate
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21
Q

How to test for halide ions

A
  1. React the solution with nitric acid to remove any carbonate or sulfate ions
  2. Add silver nitrate to the solution
    If the precipitate is white, chloride ions are present
    If the precipitate is cream, bromide ions are present
    If the precipitate is yellow, iodide ions are present
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22
Q

How does flame emission spectroscopy work

A
  1. Metal ions are heated until they emit light
  2. The light is detected by a spectroscope which can distinguish between the individual wavelengths of light emitted
  3. As each metal ion emits a unique combination of wavelengths it will produce a unique line spectrum
  4. this allows us to identify an unknown metal cation by comparing its line spectrum to those of known metal cations in a data bank
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23
Q

What does the intensity of a line spectrum tell us about the metal cation

A

Its concentration

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24
Q

What are the main benefits of instrumental methods of chemical analysis over manual methods

A
  • Higher sensitivity
  • Higher accuracy
  • Faster test
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25
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in an alkane increase, what happens to the viscosity

A

It increases

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26
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in an alkane increases, what happens to its flammability

A

It decreases

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27
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in a alkane increases, what happens to its melting and boiling points

A

They increase

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28
Q

Word equation for complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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29
Q

Is an alkene saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

30
Q

What is the key difference between alkenes and alkanes

A

Alkenes have a double carbon bond whereas alkanes do not

31
Q

What type of reaction can alkenes be a part of due to their double carbon bond

A

addition reactions

32
Q

What does an addition reaction with an alkene, hydrogen gas and a catalyst produce

A

Reacting an alkene with hydrogen gas and a catalyst to form an alkane

33
Q

What does an addition reaction with an alkene, water, a catalyst and high temperatures produce

A

An alcohol

34
Q

What does an addition reaction with an alkene and a halogen produce

A

A halogenoalkane

35
Q

How do you test if an unidentified liquid is an alkene or alkane

A

React with bromine water
An alkene turns the bromine water from orange to colourless

36
Q

How do you name polymers

A

Take the ethene name
put brackets around it
add poly infront of the brackets

37
Q

How are condensation polymers made

A

Joining dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers, these monomers are joined together by ester links

38
Q

What does a dicarboxylic acid monomer include which a diol monomer does not

A

Double carbon bonds

39
Q

What is a dimer

A

Tow monomers combined

40
Q

When is a polymer referred to as a condensation polymer

A

When water is produced as a by product of the reaction

41
Q

What is an example of a naturally occurring polymer

A

A protein (amino acids)
DNA (nucleotides)

42
Q

What is alcohols functional group

A

OH

43
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

44
Q

Properties of alcohols

A
  • Flammable
  • Soluble
  • Can be oxidised to carboxylic acids
45
Q

Uses of alcohol

A
  • As a fuel
  • A solvent in industry
46
Q

What are the main uses of ethanol

A
  1. As a chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds
  2. As a biofuel
  3. Used in alcoholic drinks
47
Q

How can ethanol be produced

A
  • By ethene and steam, it is an example of an addition reaction as water is being added
  • By fermentation which is anaerobic respiration
48
Q

Why may ethanol be made by fermentation rather than by an addition reaction

A
  • Ethene is non-renewable but sugar/glucose is renewable so can’t run out
49
Q

What is a fermentation reaction to produce ethanol

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

50
Q

Temperature for fermentation reaction

A

30-40 degrees as it is the enzymes optimum temperature

51
Q

What is a carboxylic acids functional group

A

COOH

52
Q

What type of acid are carboxylic acids

A

weak acids, as only the H attacked to the OH group ionises

53
Q

How are carboxylic acids made

A

Oxidising an alcohol with an oxidising agent

54
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid

A

CnH2n+1COOH

55
Q

As nanoparticles have a very high surface area to volume ratio what does this make them good at in chemical reactions

A

At being a catalyst

56
Q

Nanoparticles containing the element silver are known to have what type of properties

A

Anti-bacterial properties,
therefore can be inserted into surgical masks or wound dressings to reduce the risk of infections

57
Q

What are the potential harms of sunscreen containing nanoparticles

A
  • May cause harm to oceanic environments
  • They may enter our cells and cause damage to our DNA
58
Q

Why may some nanoparticles be used in electrical circuits

A

As they are small and conduct electricity

59
Q

What are the common properties a material has

A
  • Melting point
  • Conductivity
  • Strength
  • Hardness
  • Brittleness
  • Stiffness
60
Q

Examples of clay ceramics

A
  • China
  • Brick
  • Porcelain
61
Q

Why is brick used for building buildings

A

They have a high compressive strength

62
Q

What properties do ceramics have

A
  • Hard
  • Brittle
  • heat resistant
  • Corrosion resistant
63
Q

What properties does glass have

A
  • transparent
  • good thermal insulator
  • strong
64
Q

What is a composite material

A

Consists of two or more materials with different properties, they have been combined to produce a material with more desirable properties

65
Q

What are the two components of a composite material called

A

The reinforcement
The matrix

66
Q

What are the general properties of a polymer

A
  • Flexible
  • Easily shaped
  • Good insulators of heat and electricity
67
Q

Properties and uses of poly(ethene)

A

Properties : Cheap, flexible, good insulator
Uses : Plastic shopping bags, plastic bottle

68
Q

Properties and uses of poly(propene)

A

Properties : Flexible, Strong
Uses : food packaging, carpet

69
Q

Properties and uses of polyvinylchloride (PVC)

A

Properties : long lasting, strong, cheap
Uses : insulation on wires, plastic sheets

70
Q

Properties and uses of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

A

Properties : strong, high melting point
Uses : wire insulation, tape

71
Q

General properties of metals

A
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • Good conductors of electricity and heat
  • high melting and boiling points

Chemistry Paper 2 (1 decks)

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