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chemistry paper 2 > separate chemistry 2 > Flashcards

separate chemistry 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what colour flame does lithium give in the flame test

A

red

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2
Q

what colour flame does sodium give in the flame test

A

yellow

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3
Q

what colour flame does potassium give in the flame test

A

lilac

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4
Q

what colour flame does calcium give in the flame test

A

orange-red

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5
Q

what colour flame does copper give in the flame test

A

blue-green

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6
Q

how do you test for cations

A

react it with sodium hydroxide

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7
Q

what colour precipitate does iron(ll) give in the cation test

A

green

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8
Q

what colour precipitate does iron(lll) give in the cation test

A

brown

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9
Q

what colour precipitate does copper give in the cation test

A

blue

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10
Q

what colour precipitate does calcium give in the cation test

A

white

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11
Q

what colour precipitate does aluminium give in the cation test

A

white at first but if excess NaOH is added, it is colourless

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12
Q

how do you test for ammonia gas

A

hold a damp red litmus paper over the substance, if ammonia is present, the litmus paper will turn blue

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13
Q

how do you test for halide ions

A

-add some nitric acid
-then add some silver nitrate
-then a coloured precipitate forms

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14
Q

what colour precipitate do chlorides give in the test for halides

A

white

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15
Q

what colour precipitate do bromides give in the test for halides

A

cream

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16
Q

what colour precipitate do iodides give in the test for halides

A

yellow

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17
Q

how to test for carbonates

A

mix some dilute acid. if carbonate present, mixture will fizz as they will react to produce CO2

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18
Q

how do you test for sulfate ions

A

add dilute hydrochloric acid.
-then add barium chloride solution.
-if sulfate present, a white barium sulfate forms

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19
Q

what is flame photometry

A

it is an instrumental method used to identify ions in a dilute solution. each element produces a unique colour.

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20
Q

pros of using flame photometry over flame test

A

-sensitivity-they can detect small amounts of substances
-accuracy-they give values closer to the true value
-speed

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21
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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22
Q

what is the first alkane

A

methane

23
Q

what is the second alkane

A

ethane

24
Q

what is the general formula for alkene

A

CnH2n

25
Q

what is the difference between alkanes and alkenes

A

alkenes have a C=C double bond

26
Q

can you test alkanes or alkenes with bromine water?

A

alkenes

27
Q

how do you test alkenes with bromine water

A

when mixed together, the alkene will decolourise the bromine water from orange to colourless.

28
Q

why does bromine water only react with alkenes

A

as the alkene double bond breaks to allow the reaction but it cant happen with alkanes as it doesnt have double bonds

29
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A

this is when alkenes open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

30
Q

what is a polymer

A

these are substances made by joining lots of small repeating units called monomers.

31
Q

what is condensation polymerisation

A

this is when two different monomers react together to form bonds between them

32
Q

what are the two reactants when creating polyesters

A

dicarboxylic acid and diol monomers

33
Q

what is the formula for the ester link when making polyesters

A

CO2

34
Q

what are some naturally occuring polymers

A

-DNA which is made from monomers called nucleotides
-proteins which is made from monomers called amino acids

35
Q

what are the three different ways to dispose polymers

A

-Landfill
-Incineration
-Recycling

36
Q

what are the cons for using landfill for the disposal of polymers

A

-uses valuable land
-polymer waste is nonbiodegradable

37
Q

what are the pros of using incineration for the disposal of polymers

A

produces useful energy

38
Q

what are the cons of using incineration for the disposal of polymers

A

may produce harmful or toxic gases

39
Q

what are some pros of using recycling for the disposal of polymers

A

-reduces amount of crude oil being used
-makes more polymers
-reduces emissions of greenhouse gases

40
Q

what are some cons of using recycling for the disposal of polymers

A

-the quality of the new polymer is reduced
-over time, the strength of the polymer is reduced

41
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

42
Q

what is a dehydration reaction

A

this is when a mixture of an alcohol and an acid catalyst are heated to then form an alkene and water

43
Q

how are carboxylic acids formed

A

when alcohols are oxidised which will then form carboxylic acids

44
Q

what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

45
Q

are carboxylic acids weak or strong

A

weak

46
Q

what do you call the ions formed when ethanoic acid is ionised

A

ethanoate

47
Q

what do you call the salt formed when ethanoic acid is reacted potassium carbonate

A

potassium ethanoate

48
Q

what process is used to make ethanol

A

fermentation

49
Q

how do you make a solution of ethanol using fermentation

A

-mix yeast and glucose in a container
-leave this in a warm place with no oxygen. if there is a presence of oxygen, ethanoic acid is formed
-when the reaction is finished, you can collect the ethanol

50
Q

why does nanoparticles having a high surface area to volume ration good?

A

as more of their atoms are in contact with the substances. this can make them good catalysts

51
Q

why are fullerenes important in nanomedicine

A

they can deliver drugs right ito the cells where thery are needed

52
Q

what are some cons of nanomedicine

A

the way nanoparticles affect the body isnt fully understood

53
Q

what is the word equation for ethanol

A

glucose= ethanol+carbon dioxide

54
Q

how is fractional distillation used to concentrate ethanol

A

place it in fractional column
ethanol has a lower boiling point so it will be seperated from the water

chemistry paper 2 (3 decks)

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