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Separate Science - Biology Paper 1 > Separate Biology - B3 Infection and response > Flashcards

Separate Biology - B3 Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four types of pathogens.

A
  • Fungus
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Protist
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2
Q

List three ways that pathogens can be spread between plants or animals.

A
  • Direct contact
  • Water
  • Air
  • Droplet
  • Vectors
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3
Q

What do bacteria produce to make us feel ill?

A

Toxins

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4
Q

Q.

a) What type of pathogen causes Malaria?
b) What insect spreads malaria between people?
c) Suggests two ways to reduce the spread of malaria.

A

a) protist
b) mosquitos
c) i) Vaccination
ii) Controlling mosquitos e.g. nets / preventing them from breeding e.t.c.

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5
Q

Q.

a) What type of pathogen causes Measles?
b) How is this pathogen spread between people?
c) What are the symptoms of Measles?
d) How can you prevent yourself from getting measles?

A

a) Virus
b) Inhaling droplets from sneezes/coughs
c) Fever and red skin rash
d) Vaccination

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6
Q

Q.

a) What type of pathogen causes HIV?
b) What part of our body does the pathogen target and damage?
c) What drugs are used to treat HIV?
d) List two ways in which HIV is spread amongst people

A

a) Virus
b) Immune system
c) Antiretroviral drugs
d) Sexual contact / Sharing drug needles

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7
Q

a) What type of pathogen causes Salmonella?
b) What’s the most likely source of this pathogen?
c) How do farmers try to help prevent the spread of Salmonella?
d) List two symptoms of Salmonella poisoning.

A

a) Bacteria
b) Bad food hygiene
c) Vaccinate poultry/chickens
d) Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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8
Q

Q.

a) What type of pathogen causes Gonorrhoea?
b) What are the two common symptoms of gonorrhoea?
c) How is gonorrhoea spread?
d) List two ways that gonorrhoea is controlled.

A

a) Bacteria
b) Discharge from penis or vagina / pain when urinating
c) Sexual contact
d) Antibiotics / barrier method contraception

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9
Q

Q.

a) TMV is a pathogen that can affect plants. What does TMV stand for?
b) What does a plant infected by TMV look like?
c) How does TMV affect plant growth?

A

a) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
b) Mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves
c) Reduces photosynthesis (because leaves damaged)

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10
Q

Q.

a) What pathogen causes Rose Black Spot disease?
b) How is this pathogen spread?
c) What are the signs that a plant is suffering from Rose Black Spot disease?
d) How is Rose Black Spot treated?
e) How does Rose Black Spot affect plant growth?

A

a) Fungus
b) Water or wind
c) Purple/Black spots on the leaves with leaves turning yellow and falling off.
d) Fungicides and removing affected leaves
e) Reduces photosynthesis

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11
Q

State how the following parts of the body defend us against pathogens:

a) Skin
b) Nose
c) Trachea
d) Stomach

A

a) Skin: acts as barrier / secretes antimicrobial oils

b) Nose: Hairs to trap microbes

c) Trachea and Bronchi: Mucus to trap microbes / cilia to get rid of mucus and microbes

d) Stomach: Contains hydrochloric acid to kill microbes

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12
Q

What three things do white blood cells do to protect us against disease?

A

1) Phagocytosis (engulfs the pathogen)
2) Produces antibodies
3) Produces antitoxins

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13
Q

Explain how a vaccine works

A
  • Dead or inactive pathogen injected into person
  • White blood cell produces antibodies to match the antigen on the pathogen
  • White blood cells remember the antibody so they can be produced rapidly if the pathogen enters the body again.
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14
Q

What are antibiotics used to treat?

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

What is the name of the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexander Fleming?

A

Penicillin

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16
Q

What drugs are prescribed to treat the symptoms of a disease?

A

Painkillers

17
Q

Why is it difficult to make drugs to kill viruses?

A

Viruses replicate inside our body cells – it’s difficult to make a drug to kill a virus without damaging our own body cells.

18
Q

What three things should drugs be tested for?

A
  • Toxicity
  • Efficacy
  • Dose
19
Q

Where are most drugs originally derived from?

A

Plants

20
Q

Name the drugs that originate from the following plants:

a) Foxgloves
b) Willow

A

a) Digitalis from foxgloves
b) Aspirin from willow

21
Q

Why is antibiotic resistance a problem?

A
  • Some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.
  • These bacteria are very difficult to kill
22
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A pill or injection that does not contain drugs

23
Q

List the stages in pre-clinical trials.

A
  • Computer models
  • Tests on cells and tissues
  • Tests on live animals
24
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A trial in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows who has been given the drug and who has been given the placebo.

25
Q

List the stages of a clinical trial.

A
  • Very low doses of the drug are given to healthy volunteers.
  • If the drug is found to be safe, further trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug.
26
Q

Before the results of drug tests are published, what must happen?

A

The results must be peer reviewed.

27
Q

Separate Q. How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • Mouse lymphocytes are stimulated to produce a particular antibody.
  • The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell.
  • Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce identical cells that all produce the same antibody.
  • A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
28
Q

Separate Q. What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.

29
Q

Separate Q. Describe some of the ways in which monoclonal antibodies can be used.

A
  • For diagnosis (e.g. pregnancy tests)
  • In labs (to detect pathogens or measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood).
  • In research (to locate or identify specific molecules by binding to them with a fluorescent dye).
  • To treat diseases (e.g. to treat cancer)
30
Q

Separate Q. Explain in detail how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer.

A
  • The monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
  • It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
31
Q

Separate Q. State the main advantage and the main disadvantage of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Advantage: In cancer treatment, monoclonal antibodies target specific cells therefore have fewer side effects than other cancer treatments.

Disadvantage: Cause more side effects than previously thought (fever, vomiting, low blood pressure).

32
Q

Separate Higher Q. Name three ways in which plant diseases can be detected.

A

Any three from:

  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on leaves
  • Areas of decay/rot
  • Growths
  • Malformed stems/leaves
  • Discolouration
  • Pests
33
Q

Separate Higher Q. What are the three ways in which plant diseases can be identified.

A
  1. Referring to a gardening manual or website
  2. Taking infected plants to a laboratory
  3. Using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
34
Q

Separate Q. Name the insect pest that causes extensive damage of plants.

A

Aphids

35
Q

Separate Q. Name the ion deficiencies that cause the following plant disorders:

a) Stunted growth
b) Chlorosis

A

a) Nitrate deficiency causes stunted growth
b) Magnesium deficiency causes chlorosis

36
Q

Separate Q. What do plants need magnesium ions for?

Separate Q. What do plants need nitrate ions for?

A
  • Nitrate ions: Growth and repair
  • Magnesium ions: To make chlorophyll
37
Q

Separate Q. List three physical plant defences to resist invasion of microorganisms.

A
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
  • Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.
38
Q

Separate Q. List two chemical plant defences to resist invasion of microorganisms.

A
  • Antibacterial chemicals
  • Poisons to deter herbivores
39
Q

Separate Q. List three mechanical plant adaptations used for plant defence.

A
  • Thorns and hairs deter animals
  • Leaves which droop or curl when touched
  • Mimicry to trick animals

Separate Science - Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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