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sep pro charchar > sep pro chaps 1 to 3 > Flashcards

sep pro chaps 1 to 3 Flashcards

1
Q

create a second phase that is immiscible with the feed phase

A

by phase creation

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2
Q

introduce a second phase in the form of a solvent

A

by phase addition

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3
Q

restrict or enhance the movement of certain chemical specie

A

by barrier

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4
Q

add solid particles that act directly or as an inert carriers for separation

A

by a solid agent

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5
Q

applying external field of various types

A

by force field or gradient

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6
Q

production requirement, cost, environmental impact

A

considerations in which separation method to choose

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7
Q

involves heat transfer or shaft work to or from the mixture

A

Energy-Separating Agent

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8
Q

May be partially immiscible with one or more mixture components and
frequently is the constituent of highest concentration in the added phase.

A

Mass-Separating Agent

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9
Q

May be miscible with a liquid feed mixture, but may selectively alter partitioning
of species between liquid and vapor phases

A

Mass-Separating Agent

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10
Q

When the feed mixture includes species that
differ widely in volatility, expressed as
vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios (K-values)

A

Partial Condensation or Partial Vaporization

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11
Q

Two phases are created when a vapor feed is
partially condensed by removing heat, and a
liquid feed is partially vaporized by adding
heat.

A

Partial Condensation or Partial Vaporization

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12
Q

In both operations, after partitioning of species has
occurred by interphase mass transfer, the resulting vapor
phase is enriched with respect to the species that are
more easily vaporized, while the liquid phase is enriched
with respect to the less-volatile species, with both phases
separated by gravity

A

Flash Vaporization

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13
Q

Partial vaporization can be initiated by this method
by reducing the feed pressure with a valve or turbine.

A

Flash Vaporization

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14
Q

When the volatility difference among species
are so small (more than 100 trays are
required). Mass-separating agent (MSA) is used to
increase the volatility difference (reducing the
number of trays)

A

Extractive Distillation

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15
Q

In extractive distillation, ______ is thee least volatile species
and is introduced ______________of the column.

A

MSA, near the top

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16
Q

in extractive distillation, what do they do to minimize MSA loss?

A

Recycle

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17
Q

When volatility difference among species are not
sufficiently large and it is the most widely used industrial separation technique

A

Distillation

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18
Q

Multiple contact between counter-current flow of
V/L in trays (stages). Each contact (stage) consists of mixing the
phases to promote rapid partitioning of species by
mass transfer, followed by phase separation.

A

Distillation

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19
Q

When condensation of vapor is not easily
accomplished, a liquid MSA (adsorbent)
may be fed to the top in place of reflux.

A

Reboiled Absorption

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20
Q

iquid mixtures are separated,
at elevated temperature &
ambient pressure, by
contacting the feed with a
vapor stripping agent (MSA)

A

Stripping

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21
Q

If the feed is vapor and the
stripping section of the
column is not needed

A

Absorption

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22
Q

The MSA eliminates the need
to reboil the liquid at the
bottom of the column, which
may be important of the liquid
is not thermally stable.

A

Stripping

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23
Q

If the bottoms product from
a stripper is thermally
stable, it may be reboiled
without using an MSA.

A

Reboiled Stripping

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24
Q

If trays are needed above
the feed tray to achieve
separation

A

Refluxed Stripping

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25
Q

Another term for Refluxed Stripping

A

Steam Distillation

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26
Q

When minimum-boiling azeotropes are formed

A

Azeotropic Distillation

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27
Q

What is an MSA for Azeotropic distillation?

A

n-butyl acetate

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28
Q

what are the two products in azeotropic distillation?

A

distillate water layer and bottoms acetic acid

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29
Q

When distillation is impractical, especially
when the mixture to be separated is
temperature-sensitive.

A

liquid-liquid extraction

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30
Q

Each solvent has a specific selectivity for the feed
components. Several countercurrently arranged stages may be
necessary

A

Liquid-Liquid Extraction (Two-Solvent)

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31
Q

A solvent selectively dissolves only one or a
fraction of the components in the feed

A

Liquid-liquid extraction

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32
Q

A common manufacturing step since many chemicals are processed
wet but sold as dry

A

Drying

33
Q

The vapor pressure of the liquid to be evaporated from the solid be
higher than its partial pressure in the gas stream.

A

Drying

34
Q

In addition to the effects of such external conditions as temperature,
humidity, air flow, and degree of solid subdivision on drying rate, the
effects of internal diffusion conditions, capillary flow, equilibrium
moisture content and heat sensitivity must be considered.

A

Drying

35
Q

The transfer of volatile components of a liquid
into a gas by heat transfer

A

Evaporation

36
Q

Give at least 2 applications of evaporation

A

Humidification, air conditioning, concentration of aqueous solutions

37
Q

Describe sublimation

A

The transfer of species from the solid to the gaseous state
without the formation of an intermediate liquid phase.

38
Q

Applications: separation of sulfur from impurities,
purification of benzoic acid, and freeze-drying of foods

A

Sublimation

39
Q

Two or more soluble species are separated by partial freezing

A

Melt Crystallization

40
Q

A versatile melt-crystallization technique which relies on
selective distribution of impurities between a liquid and a
solid phase

A

Zone Melting or Refining

41
Q

The mixture, which includes a solvent, is cooled and/or the
solvent is evaporated

A

Solution Crystallization

42
Q

A purification step, so the conditions must be such that impurities do not
precipitate with the product

A

Crystallization

43
Q

Carried out in some organic, and in almost all inorganic, chemical plants
where the desired product is a finely divided solid.

A

Crystallization

44
Q

The reverse of sublimation. The sublimed gas, unlike water, does not puddle

A

Desublimation

45
Q

Separates gas or liquid mixtures by passing them
through a packed bed

A

Chromatography

46
Q

what chromatography uses bed that are solid particles?

A

gas-solid chromatography

47
Q

a bed that is a solid-inert support coated with a
viscous liquid

A

gas-liquid chromatography

48
Q

A macromolecule (a ligate) is selectively adsorbed
by a ligand (e.g. an ammonia molecule in a
coordination compound)

A

Affinity Chromatography

49
Q

Resembles adsorption in that solid particles are used
and regenerated. However, a chemical reaction is
involved.

A

Ion Exchange

50
Q

In water softening, an organic or inorganic polymer in
its sodium form removes calcium ions by a
calcium-sodium exchange.

A

Ion Exchange

51
Q

After prolonged use, the (spent) polymer, saturated
with calcium, is regenerated by contact with a

A

concentrated salt solution

52
Q

Give 3 separation methods in of separation by solid agent.

A

adsorption, chromatography, ion exchange

53
Q

Can take advantage of the differing degrees of
response of molecules and ions to force fields

A

Separation by External Field or Gradient

54
Q

Based on the fact that molecular diffusion can be caused by a
temperature gradient.

A

Thermal Diffusion

55
Q

Takes advantage of even tiny differences in density to separate various
particles in a solution

A

Centrifugation

56
Q

In a solution, particles whose density is higher than that of the solvent
sink (sediment), and particles that are lighter than it float to the top

A

Centrifugation

57
Q

A method of separating bonded elements and
compounds by passing an electric current through
them.

A

Electrolysis

58
Q

Transport ions from one solution through ion-exchange membranes to another solution under the
influence of an applied electric potential difference

A

Electrodialysis

59
Q

A cation- and anion-permeable membranes carry a fixed charge, this preventing migration of
species of like charge

A

Electrodialysis

60
Q

Exploits the different migration velocities of
charged colloidal or suspended species in an
electric field

A

Electrophoresis

61
Q

Positively charged species, such as dyes, hydroxide
sols, and colloids, migrate to the cathode, whilst
small, suspended, negatively charged particles go
to the anode.

A

Electrophoresis

62
Q

Components of the mixture travel in the flow direction at
different velocities, so a separation is achieved. An electrical or magnetic field or thermal gradient is
established perpendicular to a laminar-flow field

A

Field-Flow Fractionation

63
Q

3 stages of field-flow fractionation

A

injection, relaxation, separation

64
Q

Used in the metallurgical, natural product, and food
industries.

A

Leaching or Liquid-solid extraction

65
Q

A natural or chelate-induced surface activity cause
a solute to migrate to rising bubbles and is thus
removed as foam.

A

Foam Fractionation

66
Q

Use of microporous/nonporous membrane as
semipermeable barriers for selective
separations

A

Separation by Barrier

67
Q

: Separation is effected by rate of species diffusion through the pores

A

Microporous membrane

68
Q

Separation is controlled by differences in solubility in the membrane and
diffusion rate of species through the membrane

A

Nonporous membrane:

69
Q

give the different membrane materials

A

natural fibers, synthetic polymers, ceramics, metals, liquid films

70
Q

give the different fabrication of membrane

A

flat sheets, tubes, hollow fibers, spiral-wound sheets

71
Q

Give the driving force, membrane pore size, separation mechanism of the you know na

A

(refer to the table
)

72
Q

differentiate osmosis and reverse osmosis. which one is spontaneous and explain why.

A

Involves transfer, by a
concentration gradient, of
a solvent through a
membrane into a mixture
of solute and solvent, Transport of solvent in the
opposite direction is effected by
imposing a pressure, higher than
the osmotic pressure, on the feed
side

73
Q

nvolves separation of solutes by diffusion across the
membrane from one liquid phase to another liquid phase, on
the basis of molecular size and molecular conformation

A

Dialysis

74
Q

Transport by a concentration gradient of small solute
molecules, sometimes called crystalloids, through a porous
membrane

A

Dialysis

75
Q

Species transported
through the nonporous
membrane is evaporated to
achieve high purities

A

Pervaporation

76
Q

First used in the 1940s with porous
fluorocarbon barriers to separate 235UF6
and 238UF6 T, requiring enormous amount
of electric power

A

Gas Permeation

77
Q

Only a few molecules thick and can be formed from
surfactant-containing mixtures at the interface
between two fluid phases

A

Liquid Membrane

78
Q

Used to remove species in low concentrations
and is followed by desorption to regenerate
adsorbents

A

Adsorption

sep pro charchar (1 decks)

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