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HDS Week 1 > Sep 12 - Embryology > Flashcards

Sep 12 - Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomically, where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampula of the fallopian tubes

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2
Q

How long does fertilization take?

A

About a day

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3
Q

Define fertilization

A

Begins when sperm fuses with oocyte. Ends when paternal and maternal nuclei fuse together.

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4
Q

What happens the day after fertilization?

A

Cleavage of zygote.

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5
Q

When and where does the first cleavage of the zygote occur?

A

Uterine tube on Day 2 (post-fertilization)

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6
Q

Define cleavage of a zygote after fertilization

A

Cell division without growth

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7
Q

What is the zygote called on day 3 post-fertilization?

A

Morula

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8
Q

What is a morula?

A

12-16 (very) loosely attached cells formed after cleavage

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9
Q

What is they zygote called on day 5 post-fertlization?

A

Blastocyte

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10
Q

Define a blastocyte

A

A hollow ball filled with about 100 cells that are condensed to one side of the hollow ball.

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11
Q

The ~100 condensed cells on the side of a blastocyst is called a _____ (3 options)

A

embryoblast OR inner cell mast OR embryonic stem cells

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12
Q

The cells forming the wall of the blastocyst is called what?

A

Trophoblast

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13
Q

What does the trophoblast develop into? (2 answers)

A

The fetal membranes and the placenta.

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14
Q

When does implantation of the blastocyst occur?

A

Day 6 post-fertilization

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15
Q

Define implantation of the blastocyst

A

The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invades the epithelial wall of the uterus to anchor the blastocyst

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16
Q

What happens in week 2 post-fertilization?

A

Formation of the bilaminar germ disc

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17
Q

What are the first 3 steps in the formation of the bilaminar germ disc?

A
  1. Formation of the amniotic cavity within the embryoblast.
  2. Formation of lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast.
  3. Maternal blood vessels enlarge into sinusoids.
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18
Q

What are the second set of 3 steps that finalize the formation of the bilaminar germ disc?

A
  1. The sinusoids and lacunae fuse (forms uteroplacental circulation)
  2. Extraembryonic mesoderm forms.
  3. The chorionic cavity forms and the primary yolk sac disappears.
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19
Q

What is the chorionic cavity?

A

A large cavity that forms inside the extraembryonic mesoderm

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20
Q

What happens at the end of week 2 post-fertlization in the formation of the bilaminar germ disc?

A

The embryonic disc now has two layers, the epiblast and hypoblast.

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21
Q

What is they zygote called between weeks 3 and 8 post-fertilization?

A

An embryo

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22
Q

What happens in week 3 post-fertilization?

A

Formation of the trilaminar germ disc.

23
Q

What are the two steps in formation of the trilaminar germ disc?

A
  1. Gastrulation

2. Neurulation

24
Q

Define gastrulation

A

The process in which all three germ layers are formed.

25
Q

What structure do the three germ layers develop from?

A

The epiblast.

26
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
27
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

An elongated depression located on the caudal (tail) end of the embryo.

28
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

The epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak.

29
Q

The migrating cells in gastrulation develop into which two germ layers, which are located beneath which third germ layer?

A

The migrating cells develop into the mesoderm and the endoderm, both of which are situated beneath the ectoderm.

30
Q

Where is the notochordal process located?

A

Midline of the mesoderm in the cranial part of the embryo.

31
Q

What is the notochordal process?

A

Mesodermal cells that form the notochord

32
Q

Epithelium, hair, and nails come from which germ layer?

A

Surface Ectoderm (Ectoderm)

33
Q

Cutaneous and mammary glands come from which germ layer?

A

Surface Ectoderm (Ectoderm)

34
Q

The neural tube forms what?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

35
Q

The neural crest forms what?

A

Dorsal root ganglia, nerves, and pigment cells (Peripheral Nervous System PNS)

36
Q

The neural tube comes from which germ layer?

A

Neuroectoderm

37
Q

The neural crest comes from which germ layer?

A

Neuroectoderm

38
Q

The paraxial mesoderm forms into what?

A
  1. Muscles of the trunk and limbs
  2. Axial skeleton (except head)
  3. Connective tissue
39
Q

The lateral plate mesoderm forms into what?

A
  1. Appendicular skeleton (limbs)

2. Connective tissue of muscles and viscera

40
Q

What are the 3 steps of neurulation?

A
  1. Thickens into the neural plate
  2. Forms a groove
  3. Forms into the neural tube
41
Q

The mesoderm on each side of the notochord differentiates into what 3 sub-germ layers?

A
  1. Paraxial mesoderm
  2. Intermediate mesoderm
  3. Lateral plate mesoderm
42
Q

How does the neural crest form?

A

Cells from the lateral side of the neural plate will migrate and form bars of tissue in the mesenchyme.

43
Q

What happens (what process) at the end of week 3?

A

Somite formation

44
Q

Which germ layer forms the somites by segmentation?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

45
Q

In which direction does somite formation occur?

A

Starts cranially and continues caudally (towards the tail)

46
Q

What happens (what process) in week 4?

A

Formation of the head and tail folds

47
Q

What is the mushroom stage and when does it occur?

A

Formation of the head and tail folds in week 4

48
Q

How many days is the human gestation period?

A

38 weeks (~266 days on average)

49
Q

When is the last normal menstrual period?

A

2 weeks before fertilization

50
Q

Are all three trimesters of the gestational period equal in length?

A

Yes

51
Q

Describe the status of the fetus after the first trimester?

A

All major organs present; fetus size = width of palm of hand

52
Q

Describe the status of the fetus after the second trimester?

A

Low chance of survival if born in this period (50% survival probability). Fetus size = as long as a hand

53
Q

Describe the status of the fetus after the third trimester?

A

Strong chance of living if born in this period. However, if born in the first month of the 3rd trimester, the child usually retains health problems throughout life.

HDS Week 1 (4 decks)

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