SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Question 1

TYPES OF SENTENCES

Answer 1

SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX

Question 2

Simple sentence

Answer 2

A simple sentence can have the following structures:
S + V
S + V + C
S+ V + DO
S + V + IO + DO
S + V + DO + C

Question 3

Compound sentence

Answer 3

A compound sentence has two clauses that are equally important and can be joined by:

• a conjunction (and, or, but, so, yet)
• a colon or semi colon
• a colon or semi colon + connecting adverb (however, nevertheless, meanwhile, after all, finally)

Question 4

Complex sentence

Answer 4

A complex sentence generally has two clauses, a main clause and a subordinate clause and can be joined as follows:

• with a relative clause (the people who live here are very lovely)
• with an adverbial clause (when you arrive let me know)
• with a noun clause (she told me that you shouldn’t eat too much)
• with a participial or infinitive construction (to do the job properly, read the manual; she went home crying for help)

Question 5

Conjunctions

Answer 5

Conjunctions are words that link two clauses of the compound sentence and these are:
- TO LINK: and, both..and, either..or, neither..nor, not only…but also..
- TO CONTRAST: but, however, nevertheless, though, although, in spite of, despite, whereas
- REASON OR PURPOSE: because, for, as, since, so that,
in order that
- CONSEQUENCE: so, therefore
- ADDITIONAL POINT: besides, moreover, anyway.

Question 6

Noun clauses

Answer 6

(also called that-clause even though we do not always use that) TYPES:

• as OBJECT
• as SUBJECT
• after certain ADJECTIVES (feelings or certainty)
• after certain ABSTRACT NOUNS (belief, idea, fact, hope, thought, reason, promise)
• with QUESTION WORDS (why he did that i’ll never understand)
• with IF/WHETHER OR NOT (idk if he’s coming tonight)

Question 7

Participial constructions: present participial phrases

Answer 7

AFTER VERBS:
- of sensation (i saw her leaving the house)
- after catch, find, leave
- after go, come, spend time, waste time, be busy
IN PLACE OF CLAUSES:
- when 2 actions take place at the same time by the same subject
- when one action takes place immediately after another or is a direct result
- in place of clauses of time (before, after, while, before + present participial)
- in place of clauses of reason (being happy with the results, I saw a movie)
- in place of clauses of concession (while fully understanding the problem,…)
- in place of defining subject relative clauses (the woman living next door,…)

Question 8

Participial constructions: past participial phrases

Answer 8

• in place of the passive (i saw her, surrounded by her admirers)
• being + past participle following after, before, when, since, while, on, by (after being cleaned, the bike looked as new; since being elected, the government has had a crisis)

Question 9

Adverbial clauses (time, place, manner and reason)

Answer 9

Adverbial clauses answer the questions where, when, how, why)
TIME: when, after, before, as, as soon as, by the time, once, since, until/till, whenever, while
PLACE: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
MANNER: as, as if, as though
REASON: because, as, since

Question 10

Defining relative clauses

Answer 10

in the DEFINING relative clause, the main clause doesnt make proper sense without the clause. This relative clause defines the subject, it gives the S identity. Position:

• Subject relative pronouns (are you the person who telephoned here?; can you pick the knife which/that had fallen?)
• Object relative pronouns (That’s the woman who/that I met at Tony’s house, is this the book that you were reading last night?) sometimes the pronoun is omitted.
• Object of a preposition (this is the beach that I was telling you ABOUT)
• Possessive relative pronoun (they are the workers whose jobs are being cut)

Question 11

Non-defining relative clauses

Answer 11

• Subject relative pronouns (this is my friend Jane, who has just returned from Italy)
• Object relative pronouns (the woman next door, who/whom I met for the first time last week, is moving next month)
• Object of a preposition (Marjorie Campbell, who/whom we have all depended ON so much, has just announced her retirement)
• Possessive relative pronoun (Amanda Lovelace, whose husband died last year, has now lost her job)

Question 12

Relative clauses of time, place and reason

Answer 12

in relative clauses of time, place and reason it is possible to use when, where and why:

• Time (1990 was -the year- when we moved here)
• Place (that’s -the place- where we stayed for our honeymoon
• Reason (its central location is -the reason- why we chose this flat

Question 13

Co-ordinating relative clauses

Answer 13

in a co-ordinating relative clause, WHICH refers back to a whole sentence:
He has decided to see the doctor about it, which is a good idea.
Co-ordinating relative clauses are always non-defining.