Sensory to Somatic Receptors Flashcards
Which type of synapse has slow transmission?
Chemical
Which type of synapse uses gap junctions?
Electrical
Which synapse allows the transmission of an impulse in both directions?
Electrical
Which type of synapse has synaptic delay?
Chemical
What type of synapse is found in cardiac and smooth muscle and some CNS synapses?
Electrical
What is the most typical type of chemical synapse?
Axo-dendritic
What type of synapse is between an axon and a soma
Axo-somatic
What type of synapse is inhibitory when synapsing on the axon hillock?
Axo-axonic
This is also considered to be an electrical synapse…
Dendo-dendritic
This will cause Ca+ entry into the synaptic knob to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released
Increased frequency of action potential
This type of gated Ca+ channel is found at the synaptic knob
Chemical
Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation result from this type of synapse
Axo-Axonic
Axo-axonic synapses that attach to the ending of the presynaptic cell causing voltage-gated Ca+ channels to be harder to open is known as?
Inhibition
Axo-axonic synapses that make voltage gated Ca+ channels easier to open are called…
Presynaptic facilitation
This is produced by the postsynaptic cell when a synapse is used at a high frequency…
Nitric Oxide
NO diffusing from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic is an example of this…
Long term potentiation
Long term potentiation is used in this…
memory
This applies to any process that improves the effectiveness of a synapse…
Long term potentiation
Inhibition of synthesis of neurotransmitters involves the neurotransmitter binding to receptors on this cell
Presynaptic/Postsynaptic
Neurotransmitters taken back into the presynaptic cell by endocytosis is called
Re-uptake
This will prolong the length of time that the neurotransmitters are in the synapse
Inhibition of re-uptake
This is an enzyme that oxidizes the monoamines
MAO
To oxidize is to
Lose electrons and gain oxygen
Serotonin is an example of
Monoamines
This is when a neuron releases all of its neurotransmitter before more can be synthesized
Synaptic Fatigue
This is a toxin that prevents the release of Ach from skeletal motor neurons by digesting the cytoskeletal proteins that move the vesicles to the cell membrane for exocytosis
Botulinum
This is treatment for Myasthenia Gravis
Anti-Achestrace
This is a plant product that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles causing paralysis
Curare
Receptors that are ion channels do this
Open rapidly, have few sites for regulation
Receptors that work through G proteins do this
Longer acting; can be excitatory or inhibitory
This is an enzyme that destroys cAMP and cGMP
Phosphodiesterase
These alter the ability of the neuron to respond to a neurotransmitter
Neuromodulator
The production of NO and a change in receptor structure are examples of temporary changes involved in
Short term memory
Structural changes on the post synaptic cell are involved in
Long term memory
Glutatmate binding to AMPA receptors produces an
EPSP
Glutamate binding to NMDA receptors produces
Open Ca+ channels on post synaptic cell time AMPA receptors
Neuropeptides can function as either
Neuromodulators or Neurotransmitters
This is needed to release neuropeptides than to release neurotransmitters
Higher frequency of AP’s
Synthesis and packaging of neuropeptides into vesicles occurs in the
Cell body
Vesicles containing neuropeptides are transferred down the axon to the axon ending by
Axoplasmic flow
Synthesis of neurotransmitters occurs in the
Synaptic endings
Skeletal muscle contraction requires Ach binding to these receptors
Nicotonic receptors
Muscarinic receptors are both this and this
Excitatory and inhibitory
The # of neurons in the GI tract = # of neurons in this
Spinal cord
This plexus is the outer plexus that controls the movement of the GI tract
Myenteric
This plexus is the inner plexus that controls the secretions of the GI tract
Submucosal
Loss of background facilitation of spinal neurons from brain neurons is known as
Spinal shock
Sensory neuron cell bodies are located here
DRG
What is the difference between short and long visceral reflex
Short does involve CNS, can involve autonomic post ganglionic; Long involve CNS, Brain & Cord
This type of reflex can involve several neurons that can convert information up, down, and across the spinal cord
Multi-synaptic
3 options a neuron has in the sympathetic chain are
Ganglionic chains, collateral ganglia, adrenal medulla
What is significant about the innervation of the adrenal medulla?
Endocrine structure
This receives input from virtually all regions of the nervous system and controls emotions, hunger, thirst, sex drive, and hormones
Hypothalamus
This is responsible for emotions and memory
Limbic system
This is responsible for the general level of arousal
Limbic system
This processes all sensory information except olfaction
Thalamus
Conscious awareness is controlled by
Cortical level
These 2 regions of the brain control respiration
Medulla + Pons
The reticular inhibitory area secretes this to suppress the reticular excitatory area
Serotonin
This activates the SNS and controls the secretion of many hormones in response to stimuli associated with regulatory functions
Hypothalamus
What regions of the brain make up the limbic system?
Cortical, hypothalamus
If the hippocampus is damaged, this kind of amnesia results
Anterograde
This syndrome is where the amygdala is damaged
Bucy Syndrome
This produces the myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann Cell
This produces the myelin sheath in the CNS
Oligeodendrocyte
These phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris
Microglia
These make up the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
These cells produce CSF
Ependymal cells
This responds to physical distortions of membrane structure in which ion channels are altered
Mechanoreceptors
This responds to temperature changes that alter ion channels
Thermoreceptors
These are triggered when specific molecules bind to receptors and later ion channels
Chemoreceptors
Electromagnetic receptors respond to this
Photosensitive pigment
When each sensory receptor activates nerve fibers specific for that modality of sensation that carries the info to a specific region in the CNS where it is interpreted. It is known as
Labeled line principle
Receptor potentials are also considered
Graded potentials
This is a local change in the membrane potential of the receptor
Receptor potential
Which lasts longer, receptor or action potential?
Receptor potential
The magnitude of a receptor potential is determined by
The strength of the stimulus
The magnitude of a receptor potential determines
The action potential created
Frequency of action potentials arriving over one neural pathway is
Temporal summation
Actions potentials arriving over a number of neural pathways is
Spatial summation
This is a decrease in the frequency of action potentials in response to a continuous unchanging stimulus
Adaptation
What are the 3 types of adaptation
Fast, Slow, Non
The causes an extinction of response
Complete adaptation
This occurs when a sensory neuron stops firing completely soon after activation
Fast adaptation
This occurs over a matter of seconds before the sensory neuron slowly begins to stop
Slow adaptation
This adaptation changes occur in the sensor structure
Fast adaptation
This also known as slow adaptation occurs when the neuron itself changes its structure and function
Accommodation
A fibers are considered this and have what speed of conduction
Myleinated; fast
C fibers are considered this and have what speed of conduction
Unmyleinated; slow
Faciliatation is a sub threshold stimulus that will do what to the membrane?
Hypopolarize
Inhibition will do what to the membrane making it more difficult to bring to threshold
Hyperpolarize
Neurons stimulated by an individual nerve fiber make up the what? for that nerve fiber
Stimulatory field
This area of the body that a sensory neuron receives input from
Receptive field
This is a result of presynaptic inhibition occurring within the pathway over which the sensory neuron reports about stimulus to the brain
Habituation
This is a result of presynaptic facilitation occurring within the pathway over which the sensory neuron reports about the stimulus to the brain
Sensitization
This is what happens when one neuron stimulates multiple neurons
Divergence
This is what happens when all of the neurons stimulated are part of the same tract
Amplification
This is when spatial summation happens to a single or multiple sources
Convergence
This is when one neuron synapses with both excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Lateral Inhibition
When two neural pathways exert lateral inhibition on each other this is considered
Reciprocal Inhibition
