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Neurophysiology > Sensory to Somatic Receptors > Flashcards

Sensory to Somatic Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of synapse has slow transmission?

A

Chemical

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2
Q

Which type of synapse uses gap junctions?

A

Electrical

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3
Q

Which synapse allows the transmission of an impulse in both directions?

A

Electrical

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4
Q

Which type of synapse has synaptic delay?

A

Chemical

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5
Q

What type of synapse is found in cardiac and smooth muscle and some CNS synapses?

A

Electrical

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6
Q

What is the most typical type of chemical synapse?

A

Axo-dendritic

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7
Q

What type of synapse is between an axon and a soma

A

Axo-somatic

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8
Q

What type of synapse is inhibitory when synapsing on the axon hillock?

A

Axo-axonic

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9
Q

This is also considered to be an electrical synapse…

A

Dendo-dendritic

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10
Q

This will cause Ca+ entry into the synaptic knob to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released

A

Increased frequency of action potential

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11
Q

This type of gated Ca+ channel is found at the synaptic knob

A

Chemical

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12
Q

Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation result from this type of synapse

A

Axo-Axonic

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13
Q

Axo-axonic synapses that attach to the ending of the presynaptic cell causing voltage-gated Ca+ channels to be harder to open is known as?

A

Inhibition

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14
Q

Axo-axonic synapses that make voltage gated Ca+ channels easier to open are called…

A

Presynaptic facilitation

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15
Q

This is produced by the postsynaptic cell when a synapse is used at a high frequency…

A

Nitric Oxide

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16
Q

NO diffusing from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic is an example of this…

A

Long term potentiation

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17
Q

Long term potentiation is used in this…

A

memory

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18
Q

This applies to any process that improves the effectiveness of a synapse…

A

Long term potentiation

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19
Q

Inhibition of synthesis of neurotransmitters involves the neurotransmitter binding to receptors on this cell

A

Presynaptic/Postsynaptic

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters taken back into the presynaptic cell by endocytosis is called

A

Re-uptake

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21
Q

This will prolong the length of time that the neurotransmitters are in the synapse

A

Inhibition of re-uptake

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22
Q

This is an enzyme that oxidizes the monoamines

A

MAO

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23
Q

To oxidize is to

A

Lose electrons and gain oxygen

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24
Q

Serotonin is an example of

A

Monoamines

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25
Q

This is when a neuron releases all of its neurotransmitter before more can be synthesized

A

Synaptic Fatigue

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26
Q

This is a toxin that prevents the release of Ach from skeletal motor neurons by digesting the cytoskeletal proteins that move the vesicles to the cell membrane for exocytosis

A

Botulinum

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27
Q

This is treatment for Myasthenia Gravis

A

Anti-Achestrace

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28
Q

This is a plant product that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscles causing paralysis

A

Curare

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29
Q

Receptors that are ion channels do this

A

Open rapidly, have few sites for regulation

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30
Q

Receptors that work through G proteins do this

A

Longer acting; can be excitatory or inhibitory

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31
Q

This is an enzyme that destroys cAMP and cGMP

A

Phosphodiesterase

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32
Q

These alter the ability of the neuron to respond to a neurotransmitter

A

Neuromodulator

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33
Q

The production of NO and a change in receptor structure are examples of temporary changes involved in

A

Short term memory

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34
Q

Structural changes on the post synaptic cell are involved in

A

Long term memory

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35
Q

Glutatmate binding to AMPA receptors produces an

A

EPSP

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36
Q

Glutamate binding to NMDA receptors produces

A

Open Ca+ channels on post synaptic cell time AMPA receptors

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37
Q

Neuropeptides can function as either

A

Neuromodulators or Neurotransmitters

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38
Q

This is needed to release neuropeptides than to release neurotransmitters

A

Higher frequency of AP’s

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39
Q

Synthesis and packaging of neuropeptides into vesicles occurs in the

A

Cell body

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40
Q

Vesicles containing neuropeptides are transferred down the axon to the axon ending by

A

Axoplasmic flow

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41
Q

Synthesis of neurotransmitters occurs in the

A

Synaptic endings

42
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction requires Ach binding to these receptors

A

Nicotonic receptors

43
Q

Muscarinic receptors are both this and this

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

44
Q

The # of neurons in the GI tract = # of neurons in this

A

Spinal cord

45
Q

This plexus is the outer plexus that controls the movement of the GI tract

A

Myenteric

46
Q

This plexus is the inner plexus that controls the secretions of the GI tract

A

Submucosal

47
Q

Loss of background facilitation of spinal neurons from brain neurons is known as

A

Spinal shock

48
Q

Sensory neuron cell bodies are located here

A

DRG

49
Q

What is the difference between short and long visceral reflex

A

Short does involve CNS, can involve autonomic post ganglionic; Long involve CNS, Brain & Cord

50
Q

This type of reflex can involve several neurons that can convert information up, down, and across the spinal cord

A

Multi-synaptic

51
Q

3 options a neuron has in the sympathetic chain are

A

Ganglionic chains, collateral ganglia, adrenal medulla

52
Q

What is significant about the innervation of the adrenal medulla?

A

Endocrine structure

53
Q

This receives input from virtually all regions of the nervous system and controls emotions, hunger, thirst, sex drive, and hormones

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

This is responsible for emotions and memory

A

Limbic system

55
Q

This is responsible for the general level of arousal

A

Limbic system

56
Q

This processes all sensory information except olfaction

A

Thalamus

57
Q

Conscious awareness is controlled by

A

Cortical level

58
Q

These 2 regions of the brain control respiration

A

Medulla + Pons

59
Q

The reticular inhibitory area secretes this to suppress the reticular excitatory area

A

Serotonin

60
Q

This activates the SNS and controls the secretion of many hormones in response to stimuli associated with regulatory functions

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

What regions of the brain make up the limbic system?

A

Cortical, hypothalamus

62
Q

If the hippocampus is damaged, this kind of amnesia results

A

Anterograde

63
Q

This syndrome is where the amygdala is damaged

A

Bucy Syndrome

64
Q

This produces the myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann Cell

65
Q

This produces the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

Oligeodendrocyte

66
Q

These phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris

A

Microglia

67
Q

These make up the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

68
Q

These cells produce CSF

A

Ependymal cells

69
Q

This responds to physical distortions of membrane structure in which ion channels are altered

A

Mechanoreceptors

70
Q

This responds to temperature changes that alter ion channels

A

Thermoreceptors

71
Q

These are triggered when specific molecules bind to receptors and later ion channels

A

Chemoreceptors

72
Q

Electromagnetic receptors respond to this

A

Photosensitive pigment

73
Q

When each sensory receptor activates nerve fibers specific for that modality of sensation that carries the info to a specific region in the CNS where it is interpreted. It is known as

A

Labeled line principle

74
Q

Receptor potentials are also considered

A

Graded potentials

75
Q

This is a local change in the membrane potential of the receptor

A

Receptor potential

76
Q

Which lasts longer, receptor or action potential?

A

Receptor potential

77
Q

The magnitude of a receptor potential is determined by

A

The strength of the stimulus

78
Q

The magnitude of a receptor potential determines

A

The action potential created

79
Q

Frequency of action potentials arriving over one neural pathway is

A

Temporal summation

80
Q

Actions potentials arriving over a number of neural pathways is

A

Spatial summation

81
Q

This is a decrease in the frequency of action potentials in response to a continuous unchanging stimulus

A

Adaptation

82
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptation

A

Fast, Slow, Non

83
Q

The causes an extinction of response

A

Complete adaptation

84
Q

This occurs when a sensory neuron stops firing completely soon after activation

A

Fast adaptation

85
Q

This occurs over a matter of seconds before the sensory neuron slowly begins to stop

A

Slow adaptation

86
Q

This adaptation changes occur in the sensor structure

A

Fast adaptation

87
Q

This also known as slow adaptation occurs when the neuron itself changes its structure and function

A

Accommodation

88
Q

A fibers are considered this and have what speed of conduction

A

Myleinated; fast

89
Q

C fibers are considered this and have what speed of conduction

A

Unmyleinated; slow

90
Q

Faciliatation is a sub threshold stimulus that will do what to the membrane?

A

Hypopolarize

91
Q

Inhibition will do what to the membrane making it more difficult to bring to threshold

A

Hyperpolarize

92
Q

Neurons stimulated by an individual nerve fiber make up the what? for that nerve fiber

A

Stimulatory field

93
Q

This area of the body that a sensory neuron receives input from

A

Receptive field

94
Q

This is a result of presynaptic inhibition occurring within the pathway over which the sensory neuron reports about stimulus to the brain

A

Habituation

95
Q

This is a result of presynaptic facilitation occurring within the pathway over which the sensory neuron reports about the stimulus to the brain

A

Sensitization

96
Q

This is what happens when one neuron stimulates multiple neurons

A

Divergence

97
Q

This is what happens when all of the neurons stimulated are part of the same tract

A

Amplification

98
Q

This is when spatial summation happens to a single or multiple sources

A

Convergence

99
Q

This is when one neuron synapses with both excitatory and inhibitory neurons

A

Lateral Inhibition

100
Q

When two neural pathways exert lateral inhibition on each other this is considered

A

Reciprocal Inhibition

Neurophysiology (2 decks)

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