Sensory systems - fill in the blanks Flashcards
Sweet, bitter and _________ tastes are detected by G-protein coupled receptors.
Umami
The G-protein signalling cascade of gustation employs ___________________ as an effector enzyme
Phospholipase C
The second messenger for olfactory reception is ___________.
cAMP
Axons from olfactory sensory cells expressing the same receptor protein converge on a single ________________ in each hemisphere of the olfactory bulb
Glomerulus
Hyperopia occurs when the depth of the eye is too ________.
Small
The acuity of compound eyes is limited by the number of ______________,
Ommatidia
Animals show innate cravings for salt, sweet and ________ tastes.
Umami
In mammals the circadian clock is located in the ___________________.
Hypothalamus or SCN
___________ lose all photosensitivity when their eyes are lost.
Mammals
In new world monkeys, red:green colour discrimination is restricted to a subset of___________.
Females
Within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), parvocellular neurons are known for high ___________ acuity.
Spatial
The two types of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells that contribute to colourvision are parvocellular and _________________ neurons.
Koniocellular
Cells of the perigeniculate nucleus provide _____________ inhibition to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Feedback
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells receiving input from the fovea have____________ receptive fields than those receiving input from the periphery.
Smaller
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay cells use _____________ as a neurotransmitter.
Glutamate
The middle ear consists of three small bones, the malleus, incus and ________.
Stapes
When the ion channels on auditory hair cell stereocilia open it causes an influx of_ ions into the cell.
Potassium
The ______ test makes use of a tuning fork to provide a quick and easy way to check for conductive hearing loss.
Rinne
For low frequency sound (e.g. 200Hz) the frequency is coded due to -____________ within spiral ganglion neurons.
Phase-locking
For high frequency sound (e.g. 5,000Hz) the frequency is coded by tonotopy whilst intensity is coded by the ____________ firing of spiral ganglion neurons.
Increased
Barrels in the ________ _________________ cortex are located in layer IV.
Primary Somatosensory
The reason why we can see ‘barrels’ in Nissl-stained sections of mouse primary somatosensory cortex is due to variations in ______ ______ _________.
Cell Body Density
_____________ means physiological response to real, or potential, tissue damage whereas pain means unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with real or potential tissue damage.
Nociception
The type of peripheral nerve ending most specifically associated with nociception is the ______ ________ __________.
Free Nerve Ending
Hyperalgesia means enhanced pain in response to noxious stimuli, whereas____________ means pain in response to non-noxious stimulus.
Allodynia
Vision starts with photoisomerization of retinal from its 11-cis to __________configuration.
All-Trans
In the dark, photoreceptors have a dark current in which leakage of potassium ions in the cell body is balanced by inward flow of _____________ through open channels in the outer segment to keep the cell relatively depolarised.
Cations/Sodium/Calcium
______ bipolar cells employ a metabotropic (G-protein coupled receptor) glutamatereceptor.
ON
___________ cells link cone photoreceptors to their neighbours
Horizontal
Red and green cone photoreceptors express different _______ proteins.
Opsin
Bilateral damage to area MT (V5) can result in ________ agnosia.
Motion
The dorsal or parietal stream is often known as the _______ pathway.
Where
The arrangement where responses of lateral intraparietal cortex cells are modulated by eye position is called a ________ field.
Gain
The inability to recognise faces is known as _______________.
Prosopagnosia
A blind or partially blind spot in the visual field is known as a __________.
Scotoma
The direction from which low frequency (e.g. 500Hz) sound originates is processed in the medial superior olive based on the interaural _________ difference.
Timing
When sound arrives at the head from the far right, sound waves enter the right ear___ milliseconds before entering the left ear.
0.6
The central nucleus of the __________ ____________ is the region of the brain that integrates horizontal and vertical information to generate a 3D map of sound.
Inferior Colliculus
The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) sends sound information via spherical bushy cells to the ipsilateral medial superior olive (MSO) and __________ bushy cells to the contralateral MSO.
Globular
The nucleus of the thalamus most closely associated the trigeminal somatosensory system is the __________________ __________ nucleus.
Ventroposterior medial
The direction of sound in the vertical plane is first processed in the ________ cochlear nucleus
Dorsal
In the somatosensory system, a major ascending fibre tract known as the ____________________ conveys signals from the brainstem to the thalamus.
Medial Lemniscus
Cell bodies of mechanoreceptors that innervate the body (but not the head) are located in the _________ ______ _____________.
Dorsal root ganglion
The dorsal column nuclei receive their major ascending projection from the ______________.
Spinal Cord
Primary somatosensory cortex is located on the ____________ gyrus.
Postcentral
After amputation of a finger, the representation of neighbouring fingers in primarysomatosensory cortex changes such that receptive fields become __________.
Smaller
When a female rat ceases to suckle her pups, the part of primary somatosensory cortex that represents the mammary glands is likely to change such that receptive fields become larger and magnification factor becomes __________.
Smaller
Experiments on monkeys suggest that, after amputation of an arm, there is a substantial expansion in the part of somatosensory cortex that represents the _____.
Face
The phenomenon whereby, after an amputation, the amputee continues to feel the missing limb as still present is known as a __________ _______.
Phantom Limb
After amputation of an arm, it can happen that the amputee feels touch sensation on their missing fingers when other (intact) parts of the body are touched. These are known as ___________ sensations.
Referred
