Sensory systems - fill in the blanks

Question 1

Sweet, bitter and _________ tastes are detected by G-protein coupled receptors.

Answer 1

Umami

Question 2

The G-protein signalling cascade of gustation employs ___________________ as an effector enzyme

Answer 2

Phospholipase C

Question 3

The second messenger for olfactory reception is ___________.

Answer 3

cAMP

Question 4

Axons from olfactory sensory cells expressing the same receptor protein converge on a single ________________ in each hemisphere of the olfactory bulb

Answer 4

Glomerulus

Question 5

Hyperopia occurs when the depth of the eye is too ________.

Answer 5

Small

Question 6

The acuity of compound eyes is limited by the number of ______________,

Answer 6

Ommatidia

Question 7

Animals show innate cravings for salt, sweet and ________ tastes.

Answer 7

Umami

Question 8

In mammals the circadian clock is located in the ___________________.

Answer 8

Hypothalamus or SCN

Question 9

___________ lose all photosensitivity when their eyes are lost.

Answer 9

Mammals

Question 10

In new world monkeys, red:green colour discrimination is restricted to a subset of___________.

Answer 10

Females

Question 11

Within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), parvocellular neurons are known for high ___________ acuity.

Answer 11

Spatial

Question 12

The two types of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells that contribute to colourvision are parvocellular and _________________ neurons.

Answer 12

Koniocellular

Question 13

Cells of the perigeniculate nucleus provide _____________ inhibition to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).

Answer 13

Feedback

Question 14

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells receiving input from the fovea have____________ receptive fields than those receiving input from the periphery.

Answer 14

Smaller

Question 15

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay cells use _____________ as a neurotransmitter.

Answer 15

Glutamate

Question 16

The middle ear consists of three small bones, the malleus, incus and ________.

Answer 16

Stapes

Question 17

When the ion channels on auditory hair cell stereocilia open it causes an influx of_ ions into the cell.

Answer 17

Potassium

Question 18

The ______ test makes use of a tuning fork to provide a quick and easy way to check for conductive hearing loss.

Answer 18

Rinne

Question 19

For low frequency sound (e.g. 200Hz) the frequency is coded due to -____________ within spiral ganglion neurons.

Answer 19

Phase-locking

Question 20

For high frequency sound (e.g. 5,000Hz) the frequency is coded by tonotopy whilst intensity is coded by the ____________ firing of spiral ganglion neurons.

Answer 20

Increased

Question 21

Barrels in the ________ _________________ cortex are located in layer IV.

Answer 21

Primary Somatosensory

Question 22

The reason why we can see ‘barrels’ in Nissl-stained sections of mouse primary somatosensory cortex is due to variations in ______ ______ _________.

Answer 22

Cell Body Density

Question 23

_____________ means physiological response to real, or potential, tissue damage whereas pain means unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with real or potential tissue damage.

Answer 23

Nociception

Question 24

The type of peripheral nerve ending most specifically associated with nociception is the ______ ________ __________.

Answer 24

Free Nerve Ending

Question 25

Hyperalgesia means enhanced pain in response to noxious stimuli, whereas____________ means pain in response to non-noxious stimulus.

Answer 25

Allodynia

Question 26

Vision starts with photoisomerization of retinal from its 11-cis to __________configuration.

Answer 26

All-Trans

Question 27

In the dark, photoreceptors have a dark current in which leakage of potassium ions in the cell body is balanced by inward flow of _____________ through open channels in the outer segment to keep the cell relatively depolarised.

Answer 27

Cations/Sodium/Calcium

Question 28

______ bipolar cells employ a metabotropic (G-protein coupled receptor) glutamatereceptor.

Answer 28

ON

Question 29

___________ cells link cone photoreceptors to their neighbours

Answer 29

Horizontal

Question 30

Red and green cone photoreceptors express different _______ proteins.

Answer 30

Opsin

Question 31

Bilateral damage to area MT (V5) can result in ________ agnosia.

Answer 31

Motion

Question 32

The dorsal or parietal stream is often known as the _______ pathway.

Answer 32

Where

Question 33

The arrangement where responses of lateral intraparietal cortex cells are modulated by eye position is called a ________ field.

Answer 33

Gain

Question 34

The inability to recognise faces is known as _______________.

Answer 34

Prosopagnosia

Question 35

A blind or partially blind spot in the visual field is known as a __________.

Answer 35

Scotoma

Question 36

The direction from which low frequency (e.g. 500Hz) sound originates is processed in the medial superior olive based on the interaural _________ difference.

Answer 36

Timing

Question 37

When sound arrives at the head from the far right, sound waves enter the right ear___ milliseconds before entering the left ear.

Answer 37

0.6

Question 38

The central nucleus of the __________ ____________ is the region of the brain that integrates horizontal and vertical information to generate a 3D map of sound.

Answer 38

Inferior Colliculus

Question 39

The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) sends sound information via spherical bushy cells to the ipsilateral medial superior olive (MSO) and __________ bushy cells to the contralateral MSO.

Answer 39

Globular

Question 40

The nucleus of the thalamus most closely associated the trigeminal somatosensory system is the __________________ __________ nucleus.

Answer 40

Ventroposterior medial

Question 41

The direction of sound in the vertical plane is first processed in the ________ cochlear nucleus

Answer 41

Dorsal

Question 42

In the somatosensory system, a major ascending fibre tract known as the ____________________ conveys signals from the brainstem to the thalamus.

Answer 42

Medial Lemniscus

Question 43

Cell bodies of mechanoreceptors that innervate the body (but not the head) are located in the _________ ______ _____________.

Answer 43

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 44

The dorsal column nuclei receive their major ascending projection from the ______________.

Answer 44

Spinal Cord

Question 45

Primary somatosensory cortex is located on the ____________ gyrus.

Answer 45

Postcentral

Question 46

After amputation of a finger, the representation of neighbouring fingers in primarysomatosensory cortex changes such that receptive fields become __________.

Answer 46

Smaller

Question 47

When a female rat ceases to suckle her pups, the part of primary somatosensory cortex that represents the mammary glands is likely to change such that receptive fields become larger and magnification factor becomes __________.

Answer 47

Smaller

Question 48

Experiments on monkeys suggest that, after amputation of an arm, there is a substantial expansion in the part of somatosensory cortex that represents the _____.

Answer 48

Face

Question 49

The phenomenon whereby, after an amputation, the amputee continues to feel the missing limb as still present is known as a __________ _______.

Answer 49

Phantom Limb

Question 50

After amputation of an arm, it can happen that the amputee feels touch sensation on their missing fingers when other (intact) parts of the body are touched. These are known as ___________ sensations.

Answer 50

Referred