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PS1002 > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What can you see in a lateral view of human anatomy?

A

The anterior/vestral and the posterior/dorsal.

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2
Q

What can you see in an anterior view of human anatomy?

A

A view from left to right, including the midline and medial.

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3
Q

Why is the top of the human brain referred to as dorsal?

A

Humans went from walking on 4 limbs to walking on only 2.

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4
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls our “internal environment”?

A

The autonomic nervous system.

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5
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls our “external environment”?

A

The somatic nervous system.

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6
Q

Name the theory that suggested the nervous system wad made up of a single, interlinking network.

A

Reticular theory

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7
Q

Name the theory that suggested the nervous system was made up of discrete individual cells.

A

Neuron Doctrine

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8
Q

What did development of microscopy in the 1950s reveal about the CNS?

A

Synapses

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9
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The perception of the position of limbs in space.

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10
Q

What is kinethesis?

A

The perception of body movements.

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11
Q

What is haptic perception?

A

A combination of touch perception of patterns on the skin surface and proprioception of hand movements.

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12
Q

What is a complex tone?

A

A tone that consists of 2 or more pure tones (first harmonic and higher harmonics).

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13
Q

Where are the cochlea and the receptors for hearing?

A

The inner ear.

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14
Q

Name the 3 small bones in the middle ear that transmit vibrations from the outer to inner ear.

A

Ossicles

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15
Q

What is the name for the perceived quality of a sound?

A

Pitch

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16
Q

What is a pure tone?

A

A tone with pressure changes that can be described by a single sine wave.

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17
Q

Name the organs that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity.

A

Vestibular organs

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18
Q

What do semicircular canals sense?

A

Angular motion

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19
Q

What do otolith organs sense?

A

Linear acceleration and gravity

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20
Q

What is interaural time difference?

A

When there is a difference in the time of sound arrival in the ears.

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21
Q

What is the minimum stimulus energy for an observer to detect it?

A

Absolute threshold

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22
Q

What is the minimum detectable difference between 2 stimuli?

A

Difference threshold

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23
Q

Name the law stating that the ratio of the difference threshold to the stimulus intensity is constant.

A

Weber’s law

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24
Q

What is the name for a “device” that converts a signal in one form of energy into another?

A

Transducer

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25
Q

Where is grey matter?

A

Surrounding the central cavity of the brain.

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26
Q

Where is white matter?

A

Exterior to grey matter.

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27
Q

Which type of glial cell myelinates axons in the PNS?

A

Shwann cells

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28
Q

Which type of glial cell myelinates axons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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29
Q

What is the name given to a small change in membrane potential?

A

Graded potential

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30
Q

Which pathway carries information about skin temperature and pain?

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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31
Q

Which pathway carries signals from skin, muscles and joints?

A

DCLM pathway

32
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Receptors which respond to touch (e.g. Pressure, stretching, vibration).

33
Q

What are nocioceptors?

A

Receptors which respond to stimuli that are damaging to the skin (I.e. Pain).

34
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Receptors which respond to temperature.

35
Q

Describe the somatosensory system.

A

The cutaneous sense and proprioception.

36
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes the tongue has receptors for?

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter and unami.

37
Q

Where on the tongue are circumvallate papillae located?

A

The back.

38
Q

Where on the tongue are foliate papillae located?

A

The sides.

39
Q

Where on the tongue are fungiform papillae located?

A

The tip.

40
Q

What are the 2 ways transduction occurs during taste?

A

Tastings contain charged particles which directly change MP or are bound by receptors which trigger a chain of processes.

41
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

The region inside the nose that contains the receptors for smell.

42
Q

Give 2 theories for how odorants are transduced?

A

Shape theory and molecule vibration theory.

43
Q

How is information from odorants transmitted to the cortex?

A

Odortopy

44
Q

Which sense shows the most intense emotional recollection?

A

Smell

45
Q

Name the principle that describes how the magnitude of sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity.

A

Fechner’s law

46
Q

How is sound pressure perceived by humans?

A

As loudness.

47
Q

How is sound frequency perceived by humans?

A

As pitch.

48
Q

What is timbre?

A

The perceived quality that makes 2 tones sound different, even with the same pitch, loudness and duration.

49
Q

Which part of the hear serves as an amplifier?

A

The middle ear.

50
Q

Where are the smallest skeletal muscles in the body?

A

The middle ear.

51
Q

What are sound waves?

A

The pattern of pressure changes in a medium.

52
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of times per second that pressure changes of a sound stimulus repeat.

53
Q

What area should be thought of as the body’s microphone?

A

The organ of Corti in the cochlea.

54
Q

What are the receptors for sound?

A

Hair cells in the cochlea.

55
Q

Which hair cells are primarily responsible for auditory transduction?

A

Inner

56
Q

Which hair cells are primarily responsible for amplifying basilar membrane vibration?

A

Outer

57
Q

How does interaural time difference indicate direction of sounds?

A

The sound reaches one ear faster than the other.

58
Q

How does interaural level difference indicate direction of sounds?

A

The difference in sound pressure in each ear creates an acoustic shadow in the far ear.

59
Q

What is electromagnetic radiation?

A

Radiant energy propagating through space via electromagnetic waves and/or photons.

60
Q

What is referred to as visible light?

A

The range of EMR that is visible to humans.

61
Q

What does the iris control and how does it do so?

A

It controls the amount of light that can enter the eye by changing the pupil size.

62
Q

What is the main focusing element of the eye?

A

The cornea

63
Q

In vision, what is accommodation?

A

The change in the shape of lenses to focus at different distances.

64
Q

In vision, what is the near point?

A

The nearest point to the eye at which an object can be accurately focused on the retina at full accommodation.

65
Q

Which area of the retina is located directly opposite the pupil on the line of sight?

A

Fovea

66
Q

What causes the blind spot?

A

It it the area where the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye so there are no visual receptors.

67
Q

What are the 2 components of gangial cells?

A

Excitatory centre and inhibitory surround.

68
Q

Which ganglion cells have large receptive fields, are indifferent to wavelengths and adapt rapidly?

A

M cells

69
Q

Which ganglion cells have small receptive fields, are sensitive to wavelengths and adapt slowly?

A

P cells

70
Q

Briefly describe the transmission of visual information to the cortex.

A

Stimulus -> Retinal image -> Retiontopic mapping in left V1

71
Q

What is colour?

A

The sensation that allows us to discriminate 2 unstructured surfaces of equal luminance.

72
Q

What is the theory that colour vision is based on 3 classes of receptors for 3 primary colours?

A

Thrichromatic theory

73
Q

Which colour deficiency is due to the absence of S-opsin?

A

Tritanopia

74
Q

Which colour deficiency is due to the absence of M-opsin?

A

Deuteronopia

75
Q

Which colour deficiency is due to the absence of L-opsin?

A

Protanopia

76
Q

What are the 3 opponent systems in colour processing?

A

White vs. black, red vs. green and blue vs. yellow.

77
Q

Describe synesthesia.

A

A condition where stimulation of one modality results in experience of another modality.

PS1002 (4 decks)

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