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BMS248 - Neural Circuits, Behaviour and Memory > Sensory System Interaction > Flashcards

Sensory System Interaction Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound localisation?

A

The listeners ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance

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2
Q

What are the benefits of sound localisation?

A

Knowing exactly where a sound is can help with your movements and can improve your speech understanding

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3
Q

What are the two forms of cues for sound localisation?

A

Monaural and binaural cues

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4
Q

What are monaural cues?

A

Used to localise sound in the vertical axis

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5
Q

What are head related transfer functions?

A

A response that characterises how the ear receives a sound from a point in space

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6
Q

What are binaural cues?

A

Sound position in the horizontal plane

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7
Q

What are interaural timing differences?

A

The difference in the arrival time of sound at the two ears

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8
Q

What are interaural level differences?

A

The difference in the frequency of sound at the two ears

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9
Q

In the LSO binural E1 pathway, if sound were to come in through the left ear, where would you get a high excitatory effect and where would you get a low excitatory effect?

A

You would get a high excitatory effect on the MNTB from the right aVCN and a low excitatory effect on the LSO from the left aVCN

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10
Q

What are ILDs encoded by in the LSO?

A

Cells that compare the incidence of excitatory ipsilateral and inhibitory contralateral inputs

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11
Q

What do the LSOs act as in the EI pathway?

A

Broad hemispheric channels

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12
Q

What is the overall position of a sound encoded by in the E1 pathway?

A

The balance of the average output at the two LSO channels

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13
Q

Describe the binaural EE pathway in birds

A

Occurs in the Nucleus Laminaris (NL), different locations of sound lead to different neurons in the NL being activated and therefore leading to an oscillatory pattern in the readings

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14
Q

What are ITDs encoded by in birds?

A

Cells that compare the coincidence of the excitatory ipsilateral and the excitatory contralateral inputs

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15
Q

How is the overall position of sound encoded?

A

By the particular channel activated

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16
Q

What sound frequency is the EE pathway in birds mainly for?

A

Low frequency

17
Q

Describe the binaural EE pathway in mammals?

A

aVCNs from the left and right ear both synapse onto the MSO and provide excitatory inputs, low output on the side that sound is coming from

18
Q

What are ITDs encoded by in the MSO?

A

Cells in the MSO that compare the coincidence of excitatory ipsilateral and excitatory contralateral inputs

19
Q

What do the two MSOs act as in the EE pathway?

A

Broad hemispheric channels tuned to sounds from the opposite hemisphere

20
Q

How is the overall position of a sound encoded in the EE pathway in mammals?

A

By the average population of response of the two MSO channels

21
Q

What frequency of sound is the EE pathway in mammals mainly for?

A

Low frequency

22
Q

Why is sensory interaction important?

A

Our ability to perceive objects requires multi sensory input. Improves precision, discrimination and speed of perception, improving reaction, selective attention and motor output

23
Q

What do prisms do?

A

They affect the flow of information into the midbrain auditory localisation pathway

24
Q

What is the normal pathway before prisms?

A

ITDs are mapped to form layers in the ICC
These layers converge to form a space map in the ICX
The auditory map in the ICX is aligned to the visual map in the OT with interactions from the CT

25
Q

What is the pathway after prisms?

A

Instructions from the OT realign the ICX to match

26
Q

What is the McGurk Effect an example of?

A

Auditory and visual interaction

27
Q

What are the four parts of the cocktail party effect?

A
  1. Active sensing
  2. Selective attention
  3. Stimulus driven entertainment
  4. Cross-modal predictive cues
28
Q

Describe active sensing

A

Motor and visual systems scan the scene. Fixations enable phase resetting of brain oscillations

29
Q

Describe selective attention

A

PR synchronises the oscillatory activity in the appropriate sensory areas

30
Q

Describe stimulus driven entertainment

A

Visual cues and the auditory wave front fine-tune the entertainment to the attended speech stream in the auditory cortex

31
Q

Describe cross-modal predictive cues

A

Facial articulation and head movements precede speech. Auditory systems can anticipate what is coming. Enhanced tracking of the auditory stream from visual predictions

32
Q

How does brain activity in supertaskers differ?

A

Brain activity in reduced. Higher neural efficiency that leads to better performance at a lower activity

BMS248 - Neural Circuits, Behaviour and Memory (7 decks)

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