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developmental quiz 2 > sensory system > Flashcards

sensory system Flashcards

1
Q

receptors

A

receive stimulus

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2
Q

what type of pathways are sensory pathways and what do they transmit

A

nerve axons and afferent pathways
transmit signals

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

interpret or integrate sensory inputs

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4
Q

what type of pathways do motor systesm have and what do they produce

A

efferent pathways
produce response

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5
Q

two types of receptors

A

nerve cell
specialized epithelial cell

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6
Q

activation of receptors are stimulus ___ and they transform an _____ stimulus to an _____ signal

A

stimulus specific
transform an external stimulus to an electrical signal

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7
Q

what do sensory pathways describe

A

describe the type and location of the sensory stimulus

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8
Q

the sensory pathway type is dependent on what?

A

dependent on what type of receptor is activated

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9
Q

each receptor has a specific location of sensory pathway where

A

on the sensory map in the brain

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10
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers

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11
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion associated with

A

posterior or dorsal root of the spinal nerve

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12
Q

the dorsal roots contain..

A

sensory fibers from the skin , subcutaneous and deep tissues and viscera

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13
Q

what afferent fibers are composed of myelinated?

A

cutaneous, joint and visceral

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14
Q

define perception of the CNS

A

the integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

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15
Q

sensory maps

A

the location of sensory receptors in the brain

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16
Q

what does the sensory homunculus show

A

shows the somatic sensory projections from the body surface

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17
Q

sensory integration

A

the ability to use sensory information efficiently
ex. drawing , writing

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18
Q

what systems are involved in stable standing balance

A

somatosensory system
vision
vestibular system

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19
Q

what do receptors define?
receptors transform ____ stimulus into ____ signals

A

defines type, location, and intensity of stimulus
transforms external stimulus into electrical signal

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20
Q

the sensory pathways transmits _____ ____ to areas of the ___ that corresponds with ____ _____

A

transmits electrical signal to area of brain that corresponds with receptor location

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21
Q

the central nervouse system ____ and ____ what type of signals ?
it communicated with ____ system to produce what

A

interprets and integrates sensory signals
motor system to produce goal directed movement

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22
Q

what are the different types of somatosensory system receptors

A

mechanorecptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors

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23
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch , pressure, vibratior proprioception

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24
Q

thermoreceptors

A

heat and cold

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25
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

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26
Q

somatosensory system provides

A

sensory information about the body

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27
Q

where does cutaneous sensation of touch come from

A

comes from outside of the environment

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28
Q

proprioceptive sensation from..

A

ligaments , muscles, joints, and tendons

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29
Q

interception

A

perception of sensation from inside the body

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30
Q

proprioception

A

perception of ones body in space

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31
Q

function of somatosensory system

A

transmits informations about the sense of touch, pain, temperatures and body position from sensory receptors to the cns to regulate behavior

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32
Q

order of sensory system development

A

touch > vestibular > smell > hearing > vision > taste > proprioception

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33
Q

what system is the first to function in utero

A

touch - allows for communication and attachment

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34
Q

when are proprioceptive receptors well developed

A

by mid fetal life

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35
Q

gestation - 7 weeks

A

fetus responds to touch around mouth

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36
Q

gestation- 12 weeks

A

muscle spindles formed

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37
Q

gestation- 16 weeks

A

golgi tendon organs formed

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38
Q

gestation- 17 weeks

A

cutaneous sensation spread to entire body

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39
Q

are all sensory systems ready to function at birth?

A

yes

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40
Q

is the peripheral nervous system unmyelinated or myelinated?

A

myelinated

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41
Q

during maturation (infancy and childhood) touch is

A

used by infant to locate food
ex; roofing reflex

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42
Q

touch is a crucial role in

A

parent infant attachment, sociability and cognitive development

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43
Q

12-16 months ( somatosensory system)

A

specific touch localization

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44
Q

5 years (ss)

A

identify objects by touch

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45
Q

7 years (SS)

A

two point discrimination

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46
Q

how is proprioception used during infancy and childhood

A

execuation of purposeful movements such as imitation, reaching, and locomotion
ability to achieve and maintain upright postures

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47
Q

when does muscle spindles mature

A

as early as 3 years old

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48
Q

when does proprioceptive acuity fro movements improve

A

between age 5-12

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49
Q

when is the sensory system the keenest?

A

during late adolescence into early adulthood

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50
Q

what does maturation and integration of somatosensory system do

A

guide motor abilities and skill refinement

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51
Q

when does sensory function begin to decline

A

adulthood

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52
Q

sensory receptor functions decline in

A

middle age

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53
Q

peripheral and central changes

A

small and gradual

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54
Q

when does reaction time peak?

A

mid 20’s

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55
Q

how much does reaction time decrease during middle adulthood

A

20%

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56
Q

why does skin becomes dry and less elastic during adulthood

A

compromised precision of cutaneous receptors

57
Q

what are the gradual decline in sensory functioning with aging

A

decrease in number of sensory neurons
decline in functioning of sensory neurons
struggle and physiological changes within the cns

58
Q

what leads to peripheral neuropathy

A

a loss uo to 30% of sensory fibers innervation peripheral receptors

59
Q

what is the impact on proprioceptive system with aging

A

atrophy of muscle spindles. joint receptors and GTO’s
arthritic changes affect the ability of joint receptors to detect joint motion

60
Q

is redundancy of sensory informaition decreased by age related changes?

A

yes

61
Q

what is a dominant sensory modality in humans

A

visual system

62
Q

vision provides individuals information about

A

the external world
identification of external objects
where the body is in space , the relationship of ones body parts, and the motion of ones body

63
Q

what is vision vital in?

A

control of posture, locomotion, balance , and hand function

64
Q

peripheral anatomy

A

structures and receptors in the eyeball
6 extracular muscles

65
Q

central anatomy

A

optic nerve
optic chias
optic tract
optica radiations
occipital cortex

66
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

carries nerve impuluses

67
Q

what is important elements leading to visual function

A

head position and head control

68
Q

4 types of eye movements are controlled by the

A

6 extracular muscles

69
Q

eye movements - saccades

A

quick , simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction

70
Q

eye movements - slow pursuit or tracking

A

slow, smooth eye movements
allow the eyes to closely follow moving objects

71
Q

eye movements, reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on retina produces eye movement in opposite direction to head movement -

A

vestibule-ocular reflex

72
Q

eye movement- vergence

A

simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite direction

73
Q

convergence

A

eyes rotate towards each other

74
Q

divergence

A

eyes rotate away from each other

75
Q

visual system- prenatal
where is the visual ssytem dervied from

A

derived from thalamus in diencephalon

76
Q

where does most peripheral structures develops

A

into the eyeballs

77
Q

in what week does the eye forms?

A

4th week

78
Q

when does myelination begin in the visual system?

A

13th week

79
Q

once formed , the visual system extends to

A

occipital poles and forms horizontal axis of brain

80
Q

when are the neurons in the occipital cortex organized into their adult layers?

A

during 2nd half of gestation

81
Q

what happens during the 6th month of gestation for the visual system

A

reflexive eye blinking

82
Q

when does complete maturation of sensory pathways occur?

A

after birth

83
Q

what is the visual acuity in new borns

A

20/800

84
Q

what colors do newborns see in

A

black and white

85
Q

what is the best distance for fixation for a new born

A

7-9 inches away from eyes

86
Q

do new borns have a pattern preference when born?

A

yes especially for a human face

87
Q

visual system- 2months

A

see 2 colors (yellow and red)
track vertically , horizontally, and in circular path

88
Q

visual system- 3 months

A

preference for a colored object
perception of form

89
Q

by 4 months infants have what type of vision

A

full color vision

90
Q

when does binocular vision mature

A

3-5 months

91
Q

when d oes adult like binocular vision occur?

A

by 2 years old

92
Q

visual system -12 months

A

adult levels of visual acuity achieved (20/20)

93
Q

what does postural control promote

A

visual interest

94
Q

what does head control facilitate?

A

visual fixation on objects

95
Q

when is the greatest requirement for visual feedback

A

during first 3 months after child begins sitting and standing

96
Q

when are colder highly dependent on visual feedback for upright postural control and balance

A

between 4-6 years

97
Q

when does visual perception become increasingly more accurate?

A

preschool years

98
Q

during adolescence your visual system..

A

matures and becomes more sophisticated

99
Q

during adolescence (visual system)

A

eye hand coordination and perception action coupling become a thing (ex: baseball, pinball, and computer games)

100
Q

at what age does perceptual judgments regarding size of objects

A

age 11

101
Q

at what age does adult levels of depth perception achieved ?

A

12

102
Q

during adulthood what are the changes in visual acuity?

A

increase in 20’s and 30’s and remains stable during 40’s and 50’s

103
Q

what is the most rapid decline for changes in visual acuity?

A

between 60-80 years old

104
Q

when doe cataracts being to form?

A

in individuals over 30

105
Q

after the age of 40.. (visual system)

A

there is a decline in the ability to quickly adapt from light to dark environments

106
Q

when does presbyopia begin?

A

age 45

107
Q

what is presbyopia

A

degeneration of the eyes

108
Q

is ther an increases visual threshold with older people? and what does that meam?

A

yes there is and it means more light is required to see; decreased ability to adapt from dark to light environment

109
Q

what is the % of cataract formation of adults over 65?

A

60%

110
Q

what is the % of muscular degeneration of adults over 75?

A

28%

111
Q

in older adults their field of vision is ___ and they have a loss of ____ _____

A

the field of vision diminished > loss of depth perception

112
Q

contrast sensitivity decrease between

A

65-75

113
Q

what is the function of the vestibular system?

A

provides information regarding the position of the head in space

114
Q

the vestibular system detects

A

sudden changes in the direction of movement of the head

115
Q

the 2 rotations of the head

A

linear (otolith organs) and rotational (semicircular canals) accelerations

116
Q

the vestibular system inputs intergrate ____ and ____ infromation to coordinate what?

A

visual and proprioceptive information to coordinate motor responses

117
Q

Which system assists with eye stabilization and static and dynamic postural stability during standing and walking

A

vestibular system

118
Q

during the prenatal stage the vestibular structures ..

A

being as a thickening of the ectoderm within the primitive ear in the 4th week of gestation

119
Q

during 10 weeks of gestation what vestibular structures emerge?

A

semicircular canals , utricle, and saccule completely formed

120
Q

what does the vestibular apparatus do when the fetus moves in utero

A

provides information about that movement happening

121
Q

Is the vestibular system unmyelinated or myelinated at birth/

A

myelinated

122
Q

the vestibular system in infancy and childhood leads to

A

development of trunk righting and equilibrium reactions

123
Q

What contributes to the maturation of the vestibular system

A

rocking and spinning

124
Q

during infancy and childhood the vestibular system develops the ability ..

A

to relate eye movements to head movements

125
Q

when does normal vestibular ocular reflex present?

A

2 months of age

126
Q

when does vestibular sensitivity peak

A

between 6 to 12 months of age

127
Q

when does vestibular sensitivity decline

A

from ages 2.5 to puberty

128
Q

During the ages 10 and 14 the vestibular system..

A

fully matures

129
Q

what does full maturity of the vestibular system contrite be to?

A

healthy body scheme and gravitational security

130
Q

what coordinate together to control balance

A

vision, vestibular and somatosensory systems

131
Q

When is static balance gained?

A

9-12 years

132
Q

when is dynamic balance gained?

A

12 years

133
Q

For the vestibular system, when does age related changes occur?

A

being at 40’s

134
Q

What happened during adulthood for the vestibular system /

A

decreased number of sensory cells and nerve fibers in the PNS
neural changes possible in the vestibular nerve

135
Q

does the vestibular system show a decline in function with aging?

A

yes

136
Q

what are the common issues for over 50 years? (VS)

A

dizziness and vertigo

137
Q

fro adults over 70 there is a … (VS)

A

40% reduction in hair cells and 36% reduction in peripheral nerve fibers

138
Q

there is a deterioration in central vestibular integrative functions which leads to

A

impaired balance

developmental quiz 2 (1 decks)

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