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patho exam IV > sensory functions > Flashcards

sensory functions Flashcards

1
Q

stimulus

A

(light)

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2
Q

sense organ

A

(eye)

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3
Q

receptor cells

A

(rods and cones)

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4
Q

action potential (nerve impulse)

A

(optic nerve)

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5
Q

central nervous system (decoded)

A

(visual cortex of brain)

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6
Q

somatic sensations come from

A

skin, muscles, joints

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7
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, balance, taste, smell

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8
Q

visceral sensations come from

A

internal organs

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9
Q

pain is an _______ _______ and _________ experience.

A

unpleasant, perceptual, emotional

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10
Q

pain can be ________ or ________.

A

localized or diffuse

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11
Q

referred pain

A

-pain that is felt in a region that other then where that pain originated
-felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed
-sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of source pain converge onto same ascending tracts in the spinal cord
-the brain gets confused and associated the pain w the superficial area

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12
Q

the eye

A

-cornea/sclera
-iris/pupil
-lens
-retina

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13
Q

disorders of the eye

A

-aging effects: presbyopia
-infections disorders: conjunctivitis
-chronic eye disorders: glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, retinal detachment

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14
Q

presbyopia

A

-age related eye changes may begin as early as 30 yrs of age
-vision become less acute and less able to distinguish details
-physical changes accnt for most of the other sensation changes

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15
Q

(presbyopia) eye changes include

A

-less tear production
-structural deteriorations
-corneas become less sensitive
-pupil size decreases and reacts more slowly
-lens becomes yellowed, less flexible, and slightly cloudy

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16
Q

conjunctivitis

A

-infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva
-caused by viruses (most common), bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus, Chlamydia, and gonorrhea), allergens (e.g., pollen and dust), chem irritants, and trauma
-bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are highly contagious through direct contact
-can generate edema, pain, blurry vision and photophobia

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17
Q

risk factors of conjunctivitis

A

wearing contact lenses and using contaminated makeup or ophthalmic meds (eye drops)

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18
Q

many chronic conditions affecting the eyes are progressive and can result in visual deficits

A

-glaucoma: increased ocular pressure
-cataracts: clouding of the lens
-macular degeneration: deterioration of the retina

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19
Q

glaucoma

A

-group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve
-these increased pressures cause ischemia and degeneration of the optic nerve
-second leading cause of blindness (diabetic retinopathy is number one)

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20
Q

causes of glaucoma

A

-increased intraocular pressure and decreased blood flow to the optic nerve
-pressures inside the eye increases w changes of aqueous humor
-caused by either outflow of aqueous humor becoming blocked or production of aqueous humor increases to an abnorm level

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21
Q

chronic (open-angle) glaucoma

A

degeneration and obstruction of trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm decreases absorption of aqueous humor

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22
Q

cataracts

A

-opacity or clouding of the lens
-can occur as a congenital condition or develop later in life
-may affect one or both eyes and do not necessarily affect eyes symmetrically

23
Q

risk factors for adult-onset cataracts

A

-fam history
-advancing age
-smoking, ultraviolet (UV) light exposure
-metabolic conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus)

24
Q

other manifestations (cataracts)

A

-cloudy, fuzzy, foggy, or filmy vision
-color intensity loss
-diplopia
-impaired night vision
-halos around lights
-photosensitivity

25
Q

macula dengeration

A

-deterioration of the macular area of the retina
-caused by impaired blood supply to the macula that results in ischemia
-the most significant risk factor for this condition is advancing age

26
Q

risk factors of macula degeneration

A

-fam history
-smoking, increased UV light exposure
-cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and obesity

27
Q

manifestations of macula degeneration

A

-blurry vision
-dark spots in central vision
-loss of central vision
-distortion of straight lines

28
Q

retinal detachment

A

-retina separates from deeper supporting structures
-as vitreous humor collects underneath it, the retina peels away from the underlying choroid
-these detached areas may expand over time
-the retina becomes ischemic and stops functioning, causing vision loss

29
Q

causes of retinal detachment

A

Causes: spontaneous, severe nearsightedness, trauma, diabetes mellitus, degenerative aging changes
-caused by vitreous humor leaking through a retinal tear and accumulates underneath the retina
-tiny holes where the retina has thinned due to aging or other retinal disorders

30
Q

manifestations of retinal detachment

A

typically painless, flashes of light in the peripheral visual field, blurred vision, floaters, and darkening vision (like a curtain drawing)

31
Q

external ear

A

-canal, tympanic membrane

32
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles, auditory tube

33
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea, semicircular canals

34
Q

congenital disorders (ear)

A

anotia, microtia, atresia

35
Q

aging effects (ear)

A

presbycusis

36
Q

infectious disorders (ear)

A

otitis media, otitis externa

37
Q

chronic ear disorders

A

otosclerosis, tinnitus, meniere’s disease, vertigo

38
Q

congenital disorders of the ear

A

-anotia: absence of the auricle
-microtia: underdeveloped, small auricle
-atresia: lack of an external ear canal
-often associated w other congenital conditions affecting the head
-may be unilateral or bilateral
-may still have norm middle and inner ear function

39
Q

presbycusis

A

-age related hearing loss
-all the ear structures thicken w aging, can affect balance and hearing
-hearing may decline slightly, especially w high freq sounds
-hearing loss accelerates in ppl who were exposed to excessive noise or smoking when they were younger

40
Q

otitis media

A

-infection or inflammation of the middle ear
-common condition in young children bc their Eustachian tubes are narrower and shorter than those of adults and older children and an immature immune system
-additional cause: fluid accumulation in the middle ear due to adenoid enlargement, usually due to inflammation
-typically begins as a viral upper respiratory infection

41
Q

complications of otitis media

A

effusions, rupture of the tympanic membrane, scar tissue, conductive hearing loss, mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, meningitis

42
Q

manifestations of otitis media

A

-ear pain w mild hearing deficits
-crying or irritability, rubbing/pulling at the ear
-red and bulging tympanic membrane, indications of infection, purulent or clear exudate from the external ear canal (if the tympanic membrane ruptures)

43
Q

treatments of otitis media

A

oral antibiotics
pressure equalizing tubes

44
Q

otitis externa

A

-infection or inflammation of external ear canal or auricle
-usually bacterial in origin (often Pseudomonas aeruginosa) but may also be fungal
-generally arises from moisture in the ear that creates an environment ofr bacterial or fungal growth or intro of the organisms from external sources

45
Q

risk factors of otitis externa

A

swimming in contaminated water, scratching the outside or inside of the ear, irritants, and insertion of foreign objects

46
Q

complications of otitis externa

A

hearing loss, cellulitis, necrosis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis

47
Q

manifestations of otitis externa

A

ear pain that worsens w auricle movement, purulent exudate, itching, a sensation of fullness in the ear, and hearing deficits

48
Q

otosclerosis

A

-Abnormal bone grows in the middle ear, preventing the ossicles rom vibrating in response to sound waves
-Base of stapes gets fixed in the oval window
-Conductive hearing loss progressively worsens

49
Q

otosclerosis manifestations

A

-Conductive hearing loss progressively worsens
-Tinnitus

50
Q

treatment of otosclerosis

A

-Hearing aids to treat the hearing loss
-Surgery to remove the stapes and replace it with a prosthesis
-Laser surgery to create an opening in the stapes

51
Q

tinnitus

A

-Hearing abnormal noises in the ear
-May be described as a ringing, buzzing, humming, whistling, roaring, or blowing

52
Q

tinnitus may be associate with

A

-presbycusis,
-exposure to excessive noise,
-cerumen impaction,
-otosclerosis,
-Meniere disease, head injury, acoustic neuroma,
-atherosclerosis, hypertension, arteriovenous malformation
-ototoxic medications (e.g., many antibiotics, aspirin, chemotherapies, and diuretics)

53
Q

vertigo

A

Illusion of motion
Room spinning
Moving walkway
Not the same as dizziness
Additional manifestations: nausea and vomiting

54
Q

vertigo various types

A

-BPVV
-Vestibular Migraines

patho exam IV (5 decks)

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