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Pathophysiology Final Review > Sensory Function > Flashcards

Sensory Function Flashcards

1
Q

The point at which pain is perceived

A

Pain threshold

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2
Q

The amount of pain that an individual can physically and emotionally withstand

A

Pain tolerance

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3
Q

One of two types of pain the body perceives. It results from noxious stimuli to the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons. These stimuli may include cutting, crushing, pinching, extreme temperature, and irritating chemicals. Generally easy to pinpoint

A

Somatic pain

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4
Q

One of the two types of pain the body perceives. It results from noxious stimuli to internal organs and may include expansion and hypoxia. Is usually vague and diffuse. It may even be sensed on body surfaces at distant locations from the originating organ

A

Visceral pain

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5
Q

Pain at distant locations from the originating site

A

Referred pain

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6
Q

Pain that exists after the removal of a body part. The affected person may feel the discomfort of the removed part. The severing of neurons may result in spontaneous firing of spinal cord neurons because normal sensory input has been lost. This type of pain can be very distressing but usually resolves in time

A

Phantom pain

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7
Q

Chronically progressing pain that is unrelenting and severely debilitating. This type of pain does not usually respond well to typical pharmacologic pain treatments. Is common with severe injuries, especially crushing injuries

A

Intractable pain

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8
Q

Pain that results from damage to peripheral nerves by disease or injury. This type of pain tends to be chronic and intractable

A

Neuropathic pain

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9
Q

Rapid, involuntary back-and-forth eye movement

A

Nystagmus

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10
Q

The absence of the auricle

A

Anotia

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11
Q

An underdeveloped small auricle

A

Microtia

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12
Q

A condition in which a body passage is closed or missing. It includes lack of the valve opening in the heart to allow blood flow (pulmonary atresia) and lack of an external ear canal (aural atresia)

A

Atresia

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13
Q

Loss of hearing that can occur because of damage associated with maternal rubella and syphilis infection during pregnancy

A

Congenital hearing loss

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14
Q

Difficulty focusing the eyes resulting from age-related changes

A

Presbyopia

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15
Q

Age-related hearing loss

A

Presbycusis

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16
Q

An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the lining of the eyelids and sclera

A

Conjunctivitis

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17
Q

An inflammation of the cornea that can be triggered by an infection or trauma

A

Keratitis

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18
Q

An infection or inflammation of the middle ear

A

Acute Otitis media (AOM)

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19
Q

An infection or inflammation of the external ear canal or auricle. Also called swimmer’s ear

A

Otitis externa

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20
Q

Double vision

A

Diplopia

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21
Q

A group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve. This damage is often caused by increased intraocular pressure but can also be caused by decreased blood flow to the optic nerve

A

Glaucoma

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22
Q

Type of glaucoma in which intraocular pressure increases gradually over an extended period. It is the most common type

A

Open-angle glaucoma

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23
Q

Type of glaucoma that results from a sudden blockage of aqueous humor outflow; it is a medical emergency

A

Closed-angle glaucoma

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24
Q

Type of glaucoma that is present at birth. It is a result of abnormal development of outflow channels (trabecular meshwork) of the eye

A

Congenital glaucoma

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25
Q

Type of glaucoma that is a result of certain medications, eye diseases, and systemic diseases

A

Secondary glaucoma

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26
Q

Opacity or clouding of the lens of the eye

A

Cataract

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27
Q

A deterioration of the macular area of the retina caused by impaired blood supply to the macula that results in cellular waste accumulation and ischemia

A

Macular degeneration

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28
Q

An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, usually involving an imbalance in bone formation and resorption

A

Otosclerosis

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29
Q

A disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling, which stretches the membranes and interferes with the hair receptors in the cochlea and vestibule

A

Meniere disease

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30
Q

A gaze deviation of one eye. They eyes do not coordinate to focus on the same object together, resulting in diplopia. Also called cross-eyes

A

Strabismus

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31
Q

The loss of one eye’s ability to see details. The most common cause of vision problems in children. It occurs when the brain and eyes do not work together properly; the brain favors one eye. Also called lazy eye

A

Amblyopia

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32
Q

An acute condition in which the retina separates from its supporting structures

A

Retinal detachment

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33
Q

A persistent perception of abnormal noises in the ear, which may be described as ringing, buzzing, humming, whistling, roaring, or blowing

A

Tinnitus

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34
Q

An illusion of motion. People experiencing vertigo have a sensation that they or the room is spinning or moving

A

Vertigo

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35
Q

Also known as lazy eye
Weakness of the levator muscle
Unopposed action of the orbicularis oculi

Weakness of the orbicularis oculi causes an open eyelid

A

Ptosis

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36
Q

Turning in of the lid margin

A

Entropion

37
Q

Eversion of the lower lid margin (concern of issues with dry eye)

A

Ectropion

38
Q

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Most often from a blockage of the nasolacrimal duct

A

Dacryocystitis

39
Q

Inflammation along the edges of the eyelids

Seborrheic form (usually associated with seborrhea (dandruff) of the scalp or brows

Staphylococcal blepharitis (may be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis or S. aureus - the lesions are often ulcerative)

A

Blepharitis

40
Q

Infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid and can be internal or external (also known as a stye)

A

Hordeolum

41
Q

May follow an internal hordeolum
Chronic inflammatory granuloma of meibomian glands (a stye seen more on the inner eyelid)

A

Chalazion

42
Q

Tear film protects and hydrates the surface of the eye

Deterioration/disruption of film caused by:
- Aging
- From loss of reflex lacrimal gland secretion
- Contact lenses
- Sjogren syndrome (inflammatory/autoimmune disease)

Treatment:
- Artificial tears
- Plug lacrimal puncta
- Ointments

A

Dry Eyes

43
Q

This causes yellow, thick drainage

Causes include:
Bacterial
Viral
Chlamydial
Ophthalmia

Allergic type is usually clear, watery drainage
Chemosis (severe yellowing/allergic reaction)

A

Infectious/Allergic Conjunctivitis

44
Q

Fleshy, vascular tissue that grows over the cornea (wing-like look)

A

Disorder of the Conjunctiva - Pterygium

45
Q

Yellow, raised growth on the conjunctiva

A

Pinguecula

46
Q

Corneal trauma (more severe)
Corneal edema
Corneal abrasion (less severe)

Fluorescent dye is used to wash away any debris

A

Disorders of the Cornea

47
Q

Inflammation of the cornea

Causes:
- Trauma (UV light, welding, contact over-use)
- Viral (herpes, zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus)

Manifestations:
- Pain
- Erythema
- Drainage
- Photophobia (sensitivity to light)
- Visual disturbances

A

Keratitis

48
Q

An accumulation of leukocytes within the anterior chamber (pus in the eye)

Results from severe intraocular inflammation

A

Hypopyon

49
Q

Infection and inflammation of the tissue and skin surrounding the eye

A

Periorbital Cellulitis

50
Q

Infection and inflammation of the anterior portion of the eyelid (more serious as it gets closer to the eye)

Similar to other soft tissue/skin cellulitis
Treat with antibiotics

A

Preseptal Cellulitis

51
Q

Infection and inflammation of the globe

Often involves fat and extracellular muscles
Watch for signs of pain with eye movement
Much more urgent than periorbital cellulitis
Requires immediate ophthalmology referral and often hospitalization

Usually caused by bacterial infection or scratch or trauma

A

Orbital Cellulitis

52
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage (may be spontaneous)
Traumatic iritis
Hyphema (after trauma to the eye blood pools in the eye - emergency)
Orbital blow out fractures

A

Eye trauma

53
Q

Controls the size of the pupil
- Is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Alterations include:
- Damage to CN III
- Opiate usage
- Miotic drugs

A

Pupillary Reflex

54
Q

Which system controls pupillary constriction?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

55
Q

Which system controls pupillary dilation?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

56
Q

This serves to main the intraocular pressure
- Provides for the nutritive needs of the lens and posterior cornea
- Mediates the exchange of respiratory gases
- Contains a low concentration of protein and high concentrations of ascorbic acid, glucose, and amino acids

A

The aqueous humor

57
Q

An optic neuropathy characterized by optic disk cupping and visual field loss

Causes:
- An increase in intraocular pressure that results from abnormalities in the balance between aqueous production and outflow
- Most common cause is an interference with aqueous chamber, rather overproduction of the aqueous humor

A

Glaucoma

58
Q

This classification of glaucoma depends on the location, circulation, and reabsorption

A

Angle-closure (narrow-angle) versus open-angle (wide-angle)

59
Q

This type of glaucoma is characterized by no evidence or preexisting ocular or systemic diseaes

A

Primary glaucoma

60
Q

This type of glaucoma is the result of inflammatory processes affecting the eye, tumors, or blood cells of trauma-produced hemorrhage

A

Secondary glaucoma

61
Q
  • Excessive lacrimation and photophobia
  • Affected infants tend to be fussy, have poor eating habits, and rub their eyes frequenly
  • Diffuse edema of the cornea usually gives the eye a grayish white appearance
  • Enlargement of the entire optic globe (buphthalmos)
A

Symptoms of Congenital or Infantile Glaucoma

62
Q

A vision problem where nearby objects look blurred, while distant objects are more clearly visible.
- The anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too short; the image is focused posterior to (behind) the retina

A

Hyperopia or Farsightedness

63
Q

A condition in which on can see near objects, but cannot see far objects clearly.
- The anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too long; the focus point for an infinitely distant target is anterior to the retina

A

Myopia or Nearsightedness

64
Q

Refers to changes in vision that occur because of aging.

A

Presbyopia

65
Q

Lens opacity that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina
- the most common cause of age-related visual loss in the world

Causes are multifactorial:
- Effects of aging, genetic influences, environmental and metabolic influences, drugs, and injury
- Diabetes
- Long-term exposure to sunlight
- Heavy smoking
- Developmental defect
- Secondary to trauma or diseases

Surgery is the only treatment for correcting vision loss: intraocular lens implantation

A

Cataract

66
Q

Capable of black-white discrimination

A

Rods

67
Q

Capable of color discrimination

A

Cones

68
Q

A group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina - which is the light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye.

Common symptoms:
- Difficulty seeing at night
- Loss of side (peripheral) vision

  • Slow degenerative changes in the retinal photoreceptors
  • Autosomal and sex-linked forms
  • Night blindness
  • Bilateral symmetric loss of mid-peripheral fields
  • Visual field defects gradually increase both centrally and peripherally
  • Cone photoreceptor cells are also affected, and day vision and central visual acuity are compromised
A

Retinitis Pigmentosa

69
Q

Entrance and exit of the central artery and vein of the retina through the tough scleral tissue at the optic papilla

May be compromised by an condition causing persistent increased intracranial pressure
- Cerebral tumors, subdural hematomas, hydrocephalus, and malignant hypertension

Results in the destruction of the optic nerve axons

A

Papilledema

70
Q

Nonproliferative-confined to the retina
- Engorgement of the retinal veins, thickening of the capillary endothelial basement membrane, and development of capillary microaneurysms
- Macular edema

Proliferative-characterized by formation of new fragile blood vessels
- Bleed easily
- Retinal detachment

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

71
Q

Separation of the neurosensory retina from the pigment epithelium

  • Exudative: accumulation of fluid in the subretinal space
  • Traction: scar tissue
  • The vitreous begins to liquefy and collapse: most common type
A

Retinal detachment

72
Q

Degenerative changes in the central portion of the retina (the macula) that results primarily in the loss of central vision - point where there is the most rods and cones

Dry form:
- An atrophic nonexudative
- Blood vessels become thin and brittle
- Drusen forms, blurring vision

Wet form:
- Exudative: fluid build up

A

Macular Degeneration

73
Q

Blindness in one eye

A

Anopia

74
Q

Half of the visual field for one eye is lost

A

Hemianopia

75
Q

Quarter of the visual field is lost for one eye

A

Quadrantanopia

76
Q

The loss of different half-fields in the two eyes

A

Heteronymous hemianopia

77
Q

Bilateral loss of the entire primary visual cortex

A

Corical blindness

78
Q

Extensive damage to the visual association cortex that surrounds an intact primary visual cortex results in a loss of the learned meaningfulness of visual images

A

Visual agnosia

79
Q

A condition of diminished vision in which no detectable organic lesion of the eye is present

A

Amblyopia

80
Q

An abnormality of eye coordination or alignment that results in loss of binocular vision
- Paralytic
- Nonparalytic

A

Strabismus

81
Q

The formation of new spongy bone around the stapes and oval window, which results in progressive deafness

Bone increasingly immobilizes the stapes, reducing the transmission of sound

Pressure on middle ear structures or the vestibulocochlear nerve may contribute to the development of tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss, and vertigo

A

Otosclerosis

82
Q

The perception of abnormal ear or head noises, not produced by an external stimulus

A

Tinnitus

83
Q

Stimuli are not adequately transmitted - sound doesn’t reach cochlear

A

Conductive hearing loss

84
Q

Disorders that affect the inner ear, auditory nerve, or auditory pathways of the brain

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

85
Q

Sudden onset of dizziness or vertigo that is provoked by certain changes in head position

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

86
Q

Fluctuating episodes of tinnitus, feelings of ear fullness, and violent rotary vertigo that often renders the person unable to sit or walk

Causes include:
- Trauma
- Infection
- Immunologic
- Endocrine (adrenal-pituitary insufficiency and hypothyroidism)
- Vascular disorders have been proposed as possible causes

A

Meniere’s disease

87
Q

Loss of smell

A

Anosmia

88
Q

Loss of taste

A

Ageusia

89
Q

Causes of this include:
- CNS lesions involving the cerebellum and lower brain stem
- Brain stem ischemia
- Tumors
- Multiple sclerosis

A

Vertigo

Pathophysiology Final Review (2 decks)

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