Sensory Function

Question 1

The point at which pain is perceived

Answer 1

Pain threshold

Question 2

The amount of pain that an individual can physically and emotionally withstand

Answer 2

Pain tolerance

Question 3

One of two types of pain the body perceives. It results from noxious stimuli to the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons. These stimuli may include cutting, crushing, pinching, extreme temperature, and irritating chemicals. Generally easy to pinpoint

Answer 3

Somatic pain

Question 4

One of the two types of pain the body perceives. It results from noxious stimuli to internal organs and may include expansion and hypoxia. Is usually vague and diffuse. It may even be sensed on body surfaces at distant locations from the originating organ

Answer 4

Visceral pain

Question 5

Pain at distant locations from the originating site

Answer 5

Referred pain

Question 6

Pain that exists after the removal of a body part. The affected person may feel the discomfort of the removed part. The severing of neurons may result in spontaneous firing of spinal cord neurons because normal sensory input has been lost. This type of pain can be very distressing but usually resolves in time

Answer 6

Phantom pain

Question 7

Chronically progressing pain that is unrelenting and severely debilitating. This type of pain does not usually respond well to typical pharmacologic pain treatments. Is common with severe injuries, especially crushing injuries

Answer 7

Intractable pain

Question 8

Pain that results from damage to peripheral nerves by disease or injury. This type of pain tends to be chronic and intractable

Answer 8

Neuropathic pain

Question 9

Rapid, involuntary back-and-forth eye movement

Answer 9

Nystagmus

Question 10

The absence of the auricle

Answer 10

Anotia

Question 11

An underdeveloped small auricle

Answer 11

Microtia

Question 12

A condition in which a body passage is closed or missing. It includes lack of the valve opening in the heart to allow blood flow (pulmonary atresia) and lack of an external ear canal (aural atresia)

Answer 12

Atresia

Question 13

Loss of hearing that can occur because of damage associated with maternal rubella and syphilis infection during pregnancy

Answer 13

Congenital hearing loss

Question 14

Difficulty focusing the eyes resulting from age-related changes

Answer 14

Presbyopia

Question 15

Age-related hearing loss

Answer 15

Presbycusis

Question 16

An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the lining of the eyelids and sclera

Answer 16

Conjunctivitis

Question 17

An inflammation of the cornea that can be triggered by an infection or trauma

Answer 17

Keratitis

Question 18

An infection or inflammation of the middle ear

Answer 18

Acute Otitis media (AOM)

Question 19

An infection or inflammation of the external ear canal or auricle. Also called swimmer’s ear

Answer 19

Otitis externa

Question 20

Double vision

Answer 20

Diplopia

Question 21

A group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve. This damage is often caused by increased intraocular pressure but can also be caused by decreased blood flow to the optic nerve

Answer 21

Glaucoma

Question 22

Type of glaucoma in which intraocular pressure increases gradually over an extended period. It is the most common type

Answer 22

Open-angle glaucoma

Question 23

Type of glaucoma that results from a sudden blockage of aqueous humor outflow; it is a medical emergency

Answer 23

Closed-angle glaucoma

Question 24

Type of glaucoma that is present at birth. It is a result of abnormal development of outflow channels (trabecular meshwork) of the eye

Answer 24

Congenital glaucoma

Question 25

Type of glaucoma that is a result of certain medications, eye diseases, and systemic diseases

Answer 25

Secondary glaucoma

Question 26

Opacity or clouding of the lens of the eye

Answer 26

Cataract

Question 27

A deterioration of the macular area of the retina caused by impaired blood supply to the macula that results in cellular waste accumulation and ischemia

Answer 27

Macular degeneration

Question 28

An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, usually involving an imbalance in bone formation and resorption

Answer 28

Otosclerosis

Question 29

A disorder of the inner ear that results from endolymph swelling, which stretches the membranes and interferes with the hair receptors in the cochlea and vestibule

Answer 29

Meniere disease

Question 30

A gaze deviation of one eye. They eyes do not coordinate to focus on the same object together, resulting in diplopia. Also called cross-eyes

Answer 30

Strabismus

Question 31

The loss of one eye's ability to see details. The most common cause of vision problems in children. It occurs when the brain and eyes do not work together properly; the brain favors one eye. Also called lazy eye

Answer 31

Amblyopia

Question 32

An acute condition in which the retina separates from its supporting structures

Answer 32

Retinal detachment

Question 33

A persistent perception of abnormal noises in the ear, which may be described as ringing, buzzing, humming, whistling, roaring, or blowing

Answer 33

Tinnitus

Question 34

An illusion of motion. People experiencing vertigo have a sensation that they or the room is spinning or moving

Answer 34

Vertigo

Question 35

Also known as lazy eye Weakness of the levator muscle Unopposed action of the orbicularis oculi Weakness of the orbicularis oculi causes an open eyelid

Answer 35

Ptosis

Question 36

Turning in of the lid margin

Answer 36

Entropion

Question 37

Eversion of the lower lid margin (concern of issues with dry eye)

Answer 37

Ectropion

Question 38

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac Most often from a blockage of the nasolacrimal duct

Answer 38

Dacryocystitis

Question 39

Inflammation along the edges of the eyelids Seborrheic form (usually associated with seborrhea (dandruff) of the scalp or brows Staphylococcal blepharitis (may be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis or S. aureus - the lesions are often ulcerative)

Answer 39

Blepharitis

Question 40

Infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid and can be internal or external (also known as a stye)

Answer 40

Hordeolum

Question 41

May follow an internal hordeolum Chronic inflammatory granuloma of meibomian glands (a stye seen more on the inner eyelid)

Answer 41

Chalazion

Question 42

Tear film protects and hydrates the surface of the eye Deterioration/disruption of film caused by: - Aging - From loss of reflex lacrimal gland secretion - Contact lenses - Sjogren syndrome (inflammatory/autoimmune disease) Treatment: - Artificial tears - Plug lacrimal puncta - Ointments

Answer 42

Dry Eyes

Question 43

This causes yellow, thick drainage Causes include: Bacterial Viral Chlamydial Ophthalmia Allergic type is usually clear, watery drainage Chemosis (severe yellowing/allergic reaction)

Answer 43

Infectious/Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 44

Fleshy, vascular tissue that grows over the cornea (wing-like look)

Answer 44

Disorder of the Conjunctiva - Pterygium

Question 45

Yellow, raised growth on the conjunctiva

Answer 45

Pinguecula

Question 46

Corneal trauma (more severe) Corneal edema Corneal abrasion (less severe) Fluorescent dye is used to wash away any debris

Answer 46

Disorders of the Cornea

Question 47

Inflammation of the cornea Causes: - Trauma (UV light, welding, contact over-use) - Viral (herpes, zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus) Manifestations: - Pain - Erythema - Drainage - Photophobia (sensitivity to light) - Visual disturbances

Answer 47

Keratitis

Question 48

An accumulation of leukocytes within the anterior chamber (pus in the eye) Results from severe intraocular inflammation

Answer 48

Hypopyon

Question 49

Infection and inflammation of the tissue and skin surrounding the eye

Answer 49

Periorbital Cellulitis

Question 50

Infection and inflammation of the anterior portion of the eyelid (more serious as it gets closer to the eye) Similar to other soft tissue/skin cellulitis Treat with antibiotics

Answer 50

Preseptal Cellulitis

Question 51

Infection and inflammation of the globe Often involves fat and extracellular muscles Watch for signs of pain with eye movement Much more urgent than periorbital cellulitis Requires immediate ophthalmology referral and often hospitalization Usually caused by bacterial infection or scratch or trauma

Answer 51

Orbital Cellulitis

Question 52

Subconjunctival hemorrhage (may be spontaneous) Traumatic iritis Hyphema (after trauma to the eye blood pools in the eye - emergency) Orbital blow out fractures

Answer 52

Eye trauma

Question 53

Controls the size of the pupil - Is controlled by the autonomic nervous system Alterations include: - Damage to CN III - Opiate usage - Miotic drugs

Answer 53

Pupillary Reflex

Question 54

Which system controls pupillary constriction?

Answer 54

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 55

Which system controls pupillary dilation?

Answer 55

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 56

This serves to main the intraocular pressure - Provides for the nutritive needs of the lens and posterior cornea - Mediates the exchange of respiratory gases - Contains a low concentration of protein and high concentrations of ascorbic acid, glucose, and amino acids

Answer 56

The aqueous humor

Question 57

An optic neuropathy characterized by optic disk cupping and visual field loss Causes: - An increase in intraocular pressure that results from abnormalities in the balance between aqueous production and outflow - Most common cause is an interference with aqueous chamber, rather overproduction of the aqueous humor

Answer 57

Glaucoma

Question 58

This classification of glaucoma depends on the location, circulation, and reabsorption

Answer 58

Angle-closure (narrow-angle) versus open-angle (wide-angle)

Question 59

This type of glaucoma is characterized by no evidence or preexisting ocular or systemic diseaes

Answer 59

Primary glaucoma

Question 60

This type of glaucoma is the result of inflammatory processes affecting the eye, tumors, or blood cells of trauma-produced hemorrhage

Answer 60

Secondary glaucoma

Question 61

- Excessive lacrimation and photophobia - Affected infants tend to be fussy, have poor eating habits, and rub their eyes frequenly - Diffuse edema of the cornea usually gives the eye a grayish white appearance - Enlargement of the entire optic globe (buphthalmos)

Answer 61

Symptoms of Congenital or Infantile Glaucoma

Question 62

A vision problem where nearby objects look blurred, while distant objects are more clearly visible. - The anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too short; the image is focused posterior to (behind) the retina

Answer 62

Hyperopia or Farsightedness

Question 63

A condition in which on can see near objects, but cannot see far objects clearly. - The anterior-posterior dimension of the eyeball is too long; the focus point for an infinitely distant target is anterior to the retina

Answer 63

Myopia or Nearsightedness

Question 64

Refers to changes in vision that occur because of aging.

Answer 64

Presbyopia

Question 65

Lens opacity that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina - the most common cause of age-related visual loss in the world Causes are multifactorial: - Effects of aging, genetic influences, environmental and metabolic influences, drugs, and injury - Diabetes - Long-term exposure to sunlight - Heavy smoking - Developmental defect - Secondary to trauma or diseases Surgery is the only treatment for correcting vision loss: intraocular lens implantation

Answer 65

Cataract

Question 66

Capable of black-white discrimination

Answer 66

Rods

Question 67

Capable of color discrimination

Answer 67

Cones

Question 68

A group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina - which is the light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. Common symptoms: - Difficulty seeing at night - Loss of side (peripheral) vision - Slow degenerative changes in the retinal photoreceptors - Autosomal and sex-linked forms - Night blindness - Bilateral symmetric loss of mid-peripheral fields - Visual field defects gradually increase both centrally and peripherally - Cone photoreceptor cells are also affected, and day vision and central visual acuity are compromised

Answer 68

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Question 69

Entrance and exit of the central artery and vein of the retina through the tough scleral tissue at the optic papilla May be compromised by an condition causing persistent increased intracranial pressure - Cerebral tumors, subdural hematomas, hydrocephalus, and malignant hypertension Results in the destruction of the optic nerve axons

Answer 69

Papilledema

Question 70

Nonproliferative-confined to the retina - Engorgement of the retinal veins, thickening of the capillary endothelial basement membrane, and development of capillary microaneurysms - Macular edema Proliferative-characterized by formation of new fragile blood vessels - Bleed easily - Retinal detachment

Answer 70

Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 71

Separation of the neurosensory retina from the pigment epithelium - Exudative: accumulation of fluid in the subretinal space - Traction: scar tissue - The vitreous begins to liquefy and collapse: most common type

Answer 71

Retinal detachment

Question 72

Degenerative changes in the central portion of the retina (the macula) that results primarily in the loss of central vision - point where there is the most rods and cones Dry form: - An atrophic nonexudative - Blood vessels become thin and brittle - Drusen forms, blurring vision Wet form: - Exudative: fluid build up

Answer 72

Macular Degeneration

Question 73

Blindness in one eye

Answer 73

Anopia

Question 74

Half of the visual field for one eye is lost

Answer 74

Hemianopia

Question 75

Quarter of the visual field is lost for one eye

Answer 75

Quadrantanopia

Question 76

The loss of different half-fields in the two eyes

Answer 76

Heteronymous hemianopia

Question 77

Bilateral loss of the entire primary visual cortex

Answer 77

Corical blindness

Question 78

Extensive damage to the visual association cortex that surrounds an intact primary visual cortex results in a loss of the learned meaningfulness of visual images

Answer 78

Visual agnosia

Question 79

A condition of diminished vision in which no detectable organic lesion of the eye is present

Answer 79

Amblyopia

Question 80

An abnormality of eye coordination or alignment that results in loss of binocular vision - Paralytic - Nonparalytic

Answer 80

Strabismus

Question 81

The formation of new spongy bone around the stapes and oval window, which results in progressive deafness Bone increasingly immobilizes the stapes, reducing the transmission of sound Pressure on middle ear structures or the vestibulocochlear nerve may contribute to the development of tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss, and vertigo

Answer 81

Otosclerosis

Question 82

The perception of abnormal ear or head noises, not produced by an external stimulus

Answer 82

Tinnitus

Question 83

Stimuli are not adequately transmitted - sound doesn't reach cochlear

Answer 83

Conductive hearing loss

Question 84

Disorders that affect the inner ear, auditory nerve, or auditory pathways of the brain

Answer 84

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 85

Sudden onset of dizziness or vertigo that is provoked by certain changes in head position

Answer 85

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Question 86

Fluctuating episodes of tinnitus, feelings of ear fullness, and violent rotary vertigo that often renders the person unable to sit or walk Causes include: - Trauma - Infection - Immunologic - Endocrine (adrenal-pituitary insufficiency and hypothyroidism) - Vascular disorders have been proposed as possible causes

Answer 86

Meniere's disease

Question 87

Loss of smell

Answer 87

Anosmia

Question 88

Loss of taste

Answer 88

Ageusia

Question 89

Causes of this include: - CNS lesions involving the cerebellum and lower brain stem - Brain stem ischemia - Tumors - Multiple sclerosis

Answer 89

Vertigo