Sensory

Question 1

Auditory

Answer 1

Hearing

Question 2

Tactile

Answer 2

Touch

Question 3

Olfactory

Answer 3

Smell

Question 4

Gustatory

Answer 4

Taste

Question 5

Kinesthetic

Answer 5

Enables a person to be aware of posiyion and movement of body parts

Question 6

Stereognosis

Answer 6

Recognition of an objects size, shape and texture

Question 7

Presbyopia

Answer 7

Decreased accomidation of the lens to see near objects clearly - visual defecit

Question 8

Cataract

Answer 8

Opaque areas of the lens that cause glaring and blurred vision - visual defecit

Question 9

Dry eyes

Answer 9

Decreased tear production that results in itching and burning - visual defecit

Question 10

Glaucoma

Answer 10

Increase in intraocular pressure resulting in peripheral vision loss, halo effect around lights - visual defecit

Question 11

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 11

Blood vessel changes of the retina, decreased vision, and macular edema - visual defecit

Question 12

Macular degeneration

Answer 12

Blurring of reading matter, distortion or loss of central vision - visual defecit

Question 13

Prebycusis

Answer 13

Progressive hearing disorder in older adults - hearing defecit

Question 14

Cerumen accumulation

Answer 14

Build up of ear wax, causing conduction deafness - hearing defecit

Question 15

Disequaliberium

Answer 15

Results from vestibular dysfunction, vertigo - balance defecit

Question 16

Xerostomia

Answer 16

Decrease in salivary production, leading to thicker mucous and dry mouth - taste defecit

Question 17

Peripheral neuropathy

Answer 17

Numbness and tingling of the affected area, stumbling gait -neurological defecit

Question 18

Stroke

Answer 18

Caused by a clot, hemorrhage or emboli to the brain - neurological defecit

Question 19

3 major types of sensory deprivation

Answer 19

1. reduced sensory input (loss of hearing or vision)
2. the elimination of patterns or meaning from input (exposure to strange environment)
3. restrictive environments that produce monotony and boredom (bed rest)

Question 20

3 most common types of sensory alterations

Answer 20

1. sensory defecits
2. sensory deprivation
3. sensory overload

Question 21

When does sensory overload occur?

Answer 21

When a person receives multiple sensory stimuli and cannot perceptually disregard or selectively ignor some stimuli. Overload prevents meaningful response by the brain; the patients thoughts race, attention scatters in many directions, and anxiety and restlessness occur. A persons tolerance to overload varies with level of fatigue, attitude, and emotional and physical well-being.

Question 22

Sensory Defecit

Answer 22

A defecit in the normal function of sensory reception and perception.

Question 23

Sensory Deprivation - Cognitive effects

Answer 23

Reduced capacity to learn
inability to think or problem solve
Poor task performance
Disorientation
Bizarre thinking
Increased need for socialization, altered mechanisms of attention

Question 24

Sensory Deprivation - Affective effects

Answer 24

Boredom
restlessness
increased anxiety
emotional lability
panic
increased need for physical stimulation

Question 25

Sensory Deprivation - Perceptual effects

Answer 25

``` Changes in visual/motor coordination reduced color perception less tactile accuracy changes in ability to perceive size and shape changes in spacial and time judgement ```

Question 26

Normal Sensation

Answer 26

Reception: stimulation of a receptor such as light, touch, or sound Perception: integration and interpretation of stimuli Reaction: only the most important stimuli will elicit a reaction

Question 27

Factors influencing sensory function

Answer 27

``` Age Meaningful Stimuli Amount of Stimuli Social Interaction Environmental Factors Cultural Factors ```

Question 28

People at risk for sensory alterations

Answer 28

1. Older adults because of physiological changes of sensory organs 2. Individuals who lived in confined environments- nursing home 3. Acutely ill patients -ICU patients, long term hospitalization 4. Individuals confined to wheelchair

Question 29

Assessment of sensory function

Answer 29

see table 49-2 page 1239

Question 30

Expressive Aphasia

Answer 30

Motor - inability to name common objects or express simple ideas in words or writing. Can understand a question but cannot "express" the answer.

Question 31

Receptive Aphasia

Answer 31

Sensory - The inability to understand written or spoken language. The patient can express words but it doesn't make any sense because they cannot understand questions or comments from others.

Question 32

Global Aphasia

Answer 32

Inability to understand language or communicate orally.

Question 33

What is the primary cause of blindness in African Americans?

Answer 33

Glaucoma

Question 34

symptoms of proprioceptive changes

Answer 34

Increased difficulty with balance, decreased sensitivity to pain, inability to avoid obstacles, inability to determine the position of an object, and decreased sensitivity to pressure are symptoms of proprioceptive changes. It is common after the age of 60.

Question 35

Sighted Guide - Safety precautions for visual impairment

Answer 35

1. To help a visually impaired person with ambulation, offer an elbow or arm. Instruct the client to grasp your arm just above the elbow. If necessary, physically assist the person by guiding his or her hand to your arm or elbow. 2. Go one-half step ahead and slightly to the side of the person.The shoulder of the person needs to be directly behind your shoulder. if the person is frail, place the hand on your forearm. 3. Relax and walk at a comfortable pace and warm the patient when you approuch doorways or narrow spaces.

Question 36

Safety precautions - visual impairment continued

Answer 36

1. while walking with patient describe surroundings and ensure obstacles have been removed 2. never leave a patient with visual impairment alone in an unfamiliar area. 3. ensure the patient knows where the call light is before leaving them alone. 4. keep necessary objects at arms length to prevent a fall caused by reaching too far. 5. appropriate use of side rails

Question 37

Safety precautions - hearing impaired

Answer 37

1. requires more frequent visits by nurses 2. note the impairment at the intercom system at the nursing station and in the patients chart 3. provide message boards and call lights close the patients hand

Question 38

Safety precautions - tactile sensation impairment

Answer 38

1. provide timely repositioning, moving tubes or devices on which the patient is lying, and turning to avoid skin breakdown when a patient is unable to sense pressure 2. use caution when appying heat or cold therapys and preping bath water if the patient is less able to sense temperature 3. Assess condition of patients skin frequently

Question 39

Interventions to enhance vision

Answer 39

Interventions to enhance vision include the use of sharply contrasting colors, warm incandescent lighting, and yellow or amber lenses to decrease glare.

Question 40

How does age effect hearing?

Answer 40

1. Low-pitched vowels are easily heard. 2. The hearing acuity is decreased 3. The discrimination of consonants becomes difficult. 4. Reaction to speech is usually delayed 5. Low-pitched sounds are better heard than high-pitched sounds.

Question 41

How do you facilitate communication with a hearing impaired person?

Answer 41

1. Face the client when speaking 2. Speak slower and in a normal tone 3. Talk toward the client's best or normal ear 4. Articulate clearly.

Question 42

Hyperesthesia

Answer 42

When a patient is overly sensitive to tactile stimulus - Minimize irritating stimuli such as keeping bed linens loose to minimize direct contact with a patient and protect the skin from any irritants.

Question 43

Adult behavior indicating impaired vision

Answer 43

Poor coordination, squinting, underreaching or overreaching for objects, persistent repositioning of objects, impaired night vision, accidental falls

Question 44

Adult behavior indicating olfactory impairment

Answer 44

Failuer to react to noxious odor or strong odor, increased body odor, decreased sensitivity to odors.

Question 45

Adult behavior indicating taste impairment

Answer 45

Change in appetite, excessive use of seasoning and sugar, complaints about tasteof food, weight change

Question 46

Adult behavior indicating touch sensory impairment

Answer 46

Clumsiness, overreaction or underreaction to pain, failure to respond when touched, avoidance of touch, sensation of pins and needles, numbness, unable to identify objects placed in hands

Question 47

Adult behavior indicating hearing impairment

Answer 47

Blank looks, decreased attention span, lack of reaction to loud noises, increased volume of speech, positioning of head toward sound, cmiling and nodding in approval when someone speaks, use of other means of communication such as lip reading or writing, complaints of ringing in the ears

Question 48

What causes adult sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 48

It occurs due to vascular alteration, metabolic alteration, and prolonged exposure to noise.

Question 49

A nurse is attending to clients with hearing impairments. What precautions should the nurse take while communicating with these clients?

Answer 49

1. Keep the eyeglasses of clients clean so that they are able to see the gestures and face of the speaker. 2. If possible, information can be written down and shared with hearing-impaired clients. 3. Clients with hearing impairment should be allowed to use their hands freely so that they can communicate with hand gestures or sign language. 4. Speak in lower tones. 5. When you are not understood, rephrase rather than repeat the conversation.

Question 50

The client who has reduced sensation in the extremities is at higher risk for injury from exposure to temperature extremes. What temperature should the hot water heater be set to?

Answer 50

So care should be taken to ensure that the temperature setting on the home water heater is not set at more than 120 °F.