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Fundamentals > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Auditory

A

Hearing

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2
Q

Tactile

A

Touch

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3
Q

Olfactory

A

Smell

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4
Q

Gustatory

A

Taste

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5
Q

Kinesthetic

A

Enables a person to be aware of posiyion and movement of body parts

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6
Q

Stereognosis

A

Recognition of an objects size, shape and texture

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7
Q

Presbyopia

A

Decreased accomidation of the lens to see near objects clearly - visual defecit

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8
Q

Cataract

A

Opaque areas of the lens that cause glaring and blurred vision - visual defecit

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9
Q

Dry eyes

A

Decreased tear production that results in itching and burning - visual defecit

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10
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increase in intraocular pressure resulting in peripheral vision loss, halo effect around lights - visual defecit

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11
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Blood vessel changes of the retina, decreased vision, and macular edema - visual defecit

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12
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Blurring of reading matter, distortion or loss of central vision - visual defecit

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13
Q

Prebycusis

A

Progressive hearing disorder in older adults - hearing defecit

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14
Q

Cerumen accumulation

A

Build up of ear wax, causing conduction deafness - hearing defecit

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15
Q

Disequaliberium

A

Results from vestibular dysfunction, vertigo - balance defecit

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16
Q

Xerostomia

A

Decrease in salivary production, leading to thicker mucous and dry mouth - taste defecit

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17
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Numbness and tingling of the affected area, stumbling gait -neurological defecit

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18
Q

Stroke

A

Caused by a clot, hemorrhage or emboli to the brain - neurological defecit

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19
Q

3 major types of sensory deprivation

A
  1. reduced sensory input (loss of hearing or vision)
  2. the elimination of patterns or meaning from input (exposure to strange environment)
  3. restrictive environments that produce monotony and boredom (bed rest)
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20
Q

3 most common types of sensory alterations

A
  1. sensory defecits
  2. sensory deprivation
  3. sensory overload
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21
Q

When does sensory overload occur?

A

When a person receives multiple sensory stimuli and cannot perceptually disregard or selectively ignor some stimuli. Overload prevents meaningful response by the brain; the patients thoughts race, attention scatters in many directions, and anxiety and restlessness occur. A persons tolerance to overload varies with level of fatigue, attitude, and emotional and physical well-being.

22
Q

Sensory Defecit

A

A defecit in the normal function of sensory reception and perception.

23
Q

Sensory Deprivation - Cognitive effects

A 
Reduced capacity to learn
inability to think or problem solve
Poor task performance
Disorientation
Bizarre thinking
Increased need for socialization, altered mechanisms of attention
24
Q

Sensory Deprivation - Affective effects

A 
Boredom
restlessness
increased anxiety
emotional lability
panic
increased need for physical stimulation
25
Q

Sensory Deprivation - Perceptual effects

A 
Changes in visual/motor coordination
reduced color perception
less tactile accuracy
changes in ability to perceive size and shape
changes in spacial and time judgement
26
Q

Normal Sensation

A

Reception: stimulation of a receptor such as light, touch, or sound
Perception: integration and interpretation of stimuli
Reaction: only the most important stimuli will elicit a reaction

27
Q

Factors influencing sensory function

A 
Age
Meaningful Stimuli
Amount of Stimuli
Social Interaction
Environmental Factors
Cultural Factors
28
Q

People at risk for sensory alterations

A
  1. Older adults because of physiological changes of sensory organs
  2. Individuals who lived in confined environments- nursing home
  3. Acutely ill patients -ICU patients, long term hospitalization
  4. Individuals confined to wheelchair
29
Q

Assessment of sensory function

A

see table 49-2 page 1239

30
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Motor - inability to name common objects or express simple ideas in words or writing. Can understand a question but cannot “express” the answer.

31
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

Sensory - The inability to understand written or spoken language. The patient can express words but it doesn’t make any sense because they cannot understand questions or comments from others.

32
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Inability to understand language or communicate orally.

33
Q

What is the primary cause of blindness in African Americans?

A

Glaucoma

34
Q

symptoms of proprioceptive changes

A

Increased difficulty with balance, decreased sensitivity to pain, inability to avoid obstacles, inability to determine the position of an object, and decreased sensitivity to pressure are symptoms of proprioceptive changes. It is common after the age of 60.

35
Q

Sighted Guide - Safety precautions for visual impairment

A
  1. To help a visually impaired person with ambulation, offer an elbow or arm. Instruct the client to grasp your arm just above the elbow. If necessary, physically assist the person by guiding his or her hand to your arm or elbow.
  2. Go one-half step ahead and slightly to the side of the person.The shoulder of the person needs to be directly behind your shoulder. if the person is frail, place the hand on your forearm.
  3. Relax and walk at a comfortable pace and warm the patient when you approuch doorways or narrow spaces.
36
Q

Safety precautions - visual impairment continued

A
  1. while walking with patient describe surroundings and ensure obstacles have been removed
  2. never leave a patient with visual impairment alone in an unfamiliar area.
  3. ensure the patient knows where the call light is before leaving them alone.
  4. keep necessary objects at arms length to prevent a fall caused by reaching too far.
  5. appropriate use of side rails
37
Q

Safety precautions - hearing impaired

A
  1. requires more frequent visits by nurses
  2. note the impairment at the intercom system at the nursing station and in the patients chart
  3. provide message boards and call lights close the patients hand
38
Q

Safety precautions - tactile sensation impairment

A
  1. provide timely repositioning, moving tubes or devices on which the patient is lying, and turning to avoid skin breakdown when a patient is unable to sense pressure
  2. use caution when appying heat or cold therapys and preping bath water if the patient is less able to sense temperature
  3. Assess condition of patients skin frequently
39
Q

Interventions to enhance vision

A

Interventions to enhance vision include the use of sharply contrasting colors, warm incandescent lighting, and yellow or amber lenses to decrease glare.

40
Q

How does age effect hearing?

A
  1. Low-pitched vowels are easily heard.
  2. The hearing acuity is decreased
  3. The discrimination of consonants becomes difficult.
  4. Reaction to speech is usually delayed
  5. Low-pitched sounds are better heard than high-pitched sounds.
41
Q

How do you facilitate communication with a hearing impaired person?

A
  1. Face the client when speaking
  2. Speak slower and in a normal tone
  3. Talk toward the client’s best or normal ear
  4. Articulate clearly.
42
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

When a patient is overly sensitive to tactile stimulus -
Minimize irritating stimuli such as keeping bed linens loose to minimize direct contact with a patient and protect the skin from any irritants.

43
Q

Adult behavior indicating impaired vision

A

Poor coordination, squinting, underreaching or overreaching for objects, persistent repositioning of objects, impaired night vision, accidental falls

44
Q

Adult behavior indicating olfactory impairment

A

Failuer to react to noxious odor or strong odor, increased body odor, decreased sensitivity to odors.

45
Q

Adult behavior indicating taste impairment

A

Change in appetite, excessive use of seasoning and sugar, complaints about tasteof food, weight change

46
Q

Adult behavior indicating touch sensory impairment

A

Clumsiness, overreaction or underreaction to pain, failure to respond when touched, avoidance of touch, sensation of pins and needles, numbness, unable to identify objects placed in hands

47
Q

Adult behavior indicating hearing impairment

A

Blank looks, decreased attention span, lack of reaction to loud noises, increased volume of speech, positioning of head toward sound, cmiling and nodding in approval when someone speaks, use of other means of communication such as lip reading or writing, complaints of ringing in the ears

48
Q

What causes adult sensorineural hearing loss?

A

It occurs due to vascular alteration, metabolic alteration, and prolonged exposure to noise.

49
Q

A nurse is attending to clients with hearing impairments. What precautions should the nurse take while communicating with these clients?

A
  1. Keep the eyeglasses of clients clean so that they are able to see the gestures and face of the speaker.
  2. If possible, information can be written down and shared with hearing-impaired clients.
  3. Clients with hearing impairment should be allowed to use their hands freely so that they can communicate with hand gestures or sign language.
  4. Speak in lower tones.
  5. When you are not understood, rephrase rather than repeat the conversation.
50
Q

The client who has reduced sensation in the extremities is at higher risk for injury from exposure to temperature extremes. What temperature should the hot water heater be set to?

A

So care should be taken to ensure that the temperature setting on the home water heater is not set at more than 120 °F.

Fundamentals (4 decks)

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