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Brain and Behavior > Sensorimotor System > Flashcards

Sensorimotor System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A
  • Part of the frontal cortex

- Primary motor cortex

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2
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

-Primary somatosensory cortex

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3
Q

What do studies on the importance of touch show in premature infants?

A

Infants that got 15 minute massages gain 50% more weight and left 6 days sooner then infants that were left in the incubator

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4
Q

What is attachment disorder?

A

Children that have limited interaction with adults. They never formed bonds with their adoptive parents. Happened in children in 1990’s orphanages

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5
Q

What two layers make up the skin?

A
  • Epidermis: top layer

- Dermis: contains a lot of the sensory receptors

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6
Q

What two types of skin are there?

A
  • Hairy skin

- Glabrous skin (hairless)

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7
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Another form of ion channel. Physical movements causes channels to open and close

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8
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Painful stimuli

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9
Q

What are Merkel’s disks?

A

Detech light touch and edges

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10
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscles detect?

A

Light touch

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11
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Pressure and vibration

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12
Q

What is a hair follicle receptor?

A

Wraps around hair. Hair bends in the direction of the movement

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13
Q

What is the purpose of adaption?

A

Occurs with long-lasting stimuli. Let you know what is important and how to react

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14
Q

What are rapidly adapting receptors?

A
  • Fire initially and then stop responding
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
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15
Q

What are slow adapting receptors?

A
  • cell keeps responding as long as a cell is stimulated
  • Merkel’s disk
  • Ruffini’s endings
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16
Q

Stimulus strength increases as

A

there is an increase in AP frequency

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17
Q

Receptive fields and receptor density

A

varies across the body, how big a piece of skin does that receptor cover depends on the movement involved in that part of the body. The greater the density of receptors, the smaller the receptive fields of individual afferent fibers

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18
Q

Describe the dorsal column system

A

Cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. Sends projections up the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Once they get to the medulla they cross over to the other side (contralateral control). Then sent up to the thalamus (gateway to the cortex). It decides if it is important enough to send on to the brain and where it should go. Then sends it to the primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus)

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19
Q

What is the sensory homunculus

A

Bigger parts indicate a greater sensory concentration in the somatosensory cortex. Can change in response to experience.
-lips, tongue, hands and feet are the largest

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20
Q

What do prosthetics focus on and what do they lack?

A

Focus on motor movement but there is no sensory feedback. No information about where the limb is. Have to replace sensory input with visual input.

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21
Q

What is phantom limb syndrome?

A

Individuals that have lost a limb still have some physical sensation that is a manifestation in the brain. It is often chronic pain

22
Q

How is phantom limb syndrome treated?

A

With mirror therapy. Even though the person is aware that there hand isn’t there. It is tricking the brain into thinking that you are releasing that tension and therefore releasing that pain

23
Q

What are the different fiber types?

A
  • A alpha: largest, proprioceptors of skeletal muscles
  • A beta: second largest, mechanoreceptors of skin
  • A delta: pain, temperature
  • C: smallest, no myelin, temperature, pain and itch
  • Large diameter= faster conductance
  • Myelination
24
Q

Synesthesia

A
  • sensory stimuli elicit cross-modality response
  • unlearned
  • consistent association: synapses formed in embryonic development do not get clipped and are maintained, leading to mixing of sensory information
25
Q

How are A delta and C fibers related to pain?

A

Pain coming through the A delta is going to get carried faster. Initial burst of pain that you have. Dull, chronic sensation is coming from the C fibers (stay activated much longer)

26
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

pain receptors on free nerve endings

27
Q

How is pain transmitted?

A
  • Injured cells release substances that stimulate nerve endings and also cause local inflammation
  • information enters through the dorsal root and synapses on neurons in the dorsal horn
  • pain fibers release glutamate as a transmitter and substance P as a neuromodulator in the spinal cord. The dorsal horn cells then send information across the midline and up to the thalamus
28
Q

Describe ascending pain signals

A

Sensory signals enter in through the right side of the body, they immediately cross to the left and then go up

29
Q

What does decussation of touch and pain refer to?

A

Both end up in the opposite cortex. It is just a matter of when it crosses.

30
Q

Where does touch reception cross?

A

In the hindbrain

-medulla

31
Q

Where does pain reception cross?

A

In the spinal cord

32
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

A

Caused by a partial spinal cord lesion. The person has the ability to feel pain on the same side of the lesion but you lose touch sensation on that side (paralyzed). On the unaffected side, the person would not be able to feel pain, but still feels touch.

33
Q

What does the neocortex do?

A

Comes up with our goals

-strategy

34
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Decides what is the best way to meet the objectives

35
Q

What are the neocortex and basal ganglia collectively known as?

A

Non-primary motor cortex

36
Q

What do the cerebellum and motor cortex do?

A

Determine what is the sequence of movements and how are we going to do that. The cerebellum takes the sequence and organizes it to make sure every muscle movement is timed and it makes corrections. It knows what you are trying to do and what you actually do so it can make corrections

37
Q

What do the brain stem and spinal cord do as part of the central motor system?

A
  • execution

- final step, actual execution

38
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A
  • Cortical representation of the body
  • has to do with fine motor control
  • more fine motor control= more representation in cortical area
  • very plastic part of our brain
  • can change in response to experience and use
39
Q

What is the nonprimary motor cortex composed of?

A
  • Supplementary motor area (SMA) :initiation of movement sequences (internal plan)
  • Premotor cortex: external guidance- figuring out what sequence of movement is needed to get around this obstacle
40
Q

Where in the spinal cord are sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal side

41
Q

Where in the spinal cord are motor neurons?

A

Ventral side

42
Q

What is the path for the descending motor tracts (Pyramidal tract)?

A
  1. Frontal cortex
  2. Pyramid of medulla
  3. Decussation of pyramidal tract
  4. Ventral corticospinal tract
  5. Lateral corticospinal tract
43
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Motor neurons synapsing with muscle fibers. Muscle cells have a motor end plate (not dendrites) that have receptors for acetylcholine

44
Q

What neurotransmitter is present at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

Describe proprioception

A

The body’s way of knowing where your limbs are in space. Need to know where your starting from in order to make a smooth movement.

46
Q

What do muscle spindles measures?

A

Stretch of muscles

47
Q

What do golgi tendons measure?

A

Tension of muscles

48
Q

What are the two forms of proprioception?

A

Spindal activity and golgi tendon organ activity

49
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Helps with modulating goals of the prefrontal cortex. Weighing costs and benefits of a particular movement, involved in movement that is involved with reward. It can not cause direct movement, it can only initiate movement through interacting with the prefrontal cortex and motor cortices.

50
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Characterized by abnormal and unusual movements (Chorea=dancing)

  • facial movements including grimaces
  • quick, sudden, sometimes wild jerking movements of the arms, legs, face, and other body parts
  • unsteady gait
  • dementia that slowly gets worse
51
Q

Describe the genetics of Huntington’s

A

Only need one copy of the gene to express the disease

52
Q

What areas of the brain make up the basal ganglia?

A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra

Brain and Behavior (4 decks)

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