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Nerves 1 > Senses and Perceptions > Flashcards

Senses and Perceptions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of specific sensory receptors

A

To convert stimulus into an electrical action potential

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2
Q

What type of cell is a sensory skin receptor

A

Pseudounipolar

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3
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a mechanical stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptor

Touch

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4
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a thermal stimulus

A

Thermoreceptor

Hot, cold

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5
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a noxious stimulus

A

Nociceptor

Pain

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6
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a chemical stimulus

A

Chemoreceptor

Taste, smell

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7
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a light stimulus

A

Photoreceptor

Sight, vision

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8
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a sound stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptor

Hearing

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9
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a limb position stimulus

A

Proprioceter

Spatial awareness

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10
Q

What is the name of receptor and sensation for a blood pressure stimulus

A

Baroreceptor

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11
Q

What is a nerve receptor

A

A neuron with a cluster of peripheral nerve branches, each with a nerve ending

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12
Q

What is a receptive field

A

The distribution of a neurons receptors

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13
Q

What is two point discrimination

A

The ability to discern two separate mechanical stimuli
A measure of spatial awareness
An indication of receptive field size

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14
Q

How does two point discrimination relate to receptive fields and cortical representation

A

Areas with small two point discrimination have small receptive fields and large cortical representation

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15
Q

Give an example of an area with small receptive fields

A

Finger tips

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16
Q

Give an example of an area with large receptive fields

A

The trunk

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17
Q

How is a stimulus transduced

A

Stimulus causes change in receptor membrane permeability. This causes an influx of cations which causes depolarisation, changing the resting membrane potential. This generates an action potential

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18
Q

How are mechanoreceptors activated

A

Fore opens ion channel as structures tethered to the intracellular membrane move causing the pulling open of the channel

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19
Q

What are the different types of chemoreceptors

A

Ionotropic

G-protein coupled

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20
Q

How does a ionotropic chemoreceptor work

A

Binding to receptor protein causes opening of ligand gated channel leading to generation of AP

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21
Q

How does a G-protein coupled receptor work

A

Pore is recruited and chemical binds to receptor, causing channel to open
Chain of events takes longer so channel stays open for longer

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22
Q

How is the stimulus quality coded

A

Type of receptor

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23
Q

How are the stimuli magnitude and intensity coded

A

AP frequency

24
Q

How are the stimuli duration and timing coded

A

Number of neurons activated

Duration of AP firing

25
Q

How is the stimulus location coded

A

Where

26
Q

How is action potential intensity coded

A

Frequency of AP discharge

High stimulus intensity = high AP frequency

27
Q

How can APs adapt

A

Slowly and rapidly

28
Q

What happens to neurons of the same function

A

They bundle together and are grouped into pathways

29
Q

How are pathways specific

A

Modality specific eg - touch, pain, vision

30
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons collected

A

In dorsal root ganglia

31
Q

What are Ruffini’s and pacinian receptors related to

A

Slipping and vibration

32
Q

Describe a hair follicle receptor

A

Axon is wrapped around receptor, when hair is pulled, the membrane is deformed - mechanical

33
Q

What is the brachial plexus

A

Bundles of cables of sensory and motor axons providing innervation to the upper limb

34
Q

What are the groups of nerves in the brachial plexus

A 
Axillary 
Musculocutaneous
Radial
Ulnar
Median
35
Q

What is the epineurium

A

Tough connective tissue bundling nerves that supply separate skin regions

36
Q

Describe A alpha axons

A

Thickest diameter and myelin sheath

Proprioceptors - sensory nerve that responds to position and movement

37
Q

Describe A beta axons

A

Conduction velocity still quick but slower than A alpha - same for thickness of myelin sheath
Involved in i oculus tactile sensation and perception of mechanoreceptor in skin

38
Q

Describe A delta axons

A

Small axon diameter, thin myelin sheath
Conduct APs pretty quickly but slower that A alpha and beta
Important in perception of sharp, stabbing pain
Also recruited in thermoreceptors

39
Q

Describe C axons

A

Conduct APs slowly

Convey perception of dull aching pain

40
Q

Where do sensory axons enter the CNS

A

Via the dorsal roots

41
Q

Where do motor axons exit the CNS

A

Via the ventral roots

42
Q

Describe the cervical spinal cord

A

Grey matter in the middle, surrounded by white matter

Dorsal surface closer to back, ventral surface closer to abdomen

43
Q

Where are motor efferent axons derived from

A

Grey matter in the ventral horn - ventral root is motor axons only

44
Q

Describe the trigeminal nerve

A

CN V
Ophthalmic and maxillary branch - sensory
Mandibular branch - motor

45
Q

Which nerves control sensory pathways innervating the face

A

CNV

46
Q

Which nerves control sensory pathways innervating the body apart from the head

A

Spinal nerves

47
Q

Describe a sensory pathway

A

Primary sensory neuron in the periphery projecting into the CNS
Secondary sensory neuron in the CNS
Tertiary sensory neuron in the thalamus in the CNS

48
Q

Describe the dorsal column - medial lemniscal all pathway

A

Mechanoreceptor (somatic)
A beta axon of secondary swaps to other side of the brain where it connects to the tertiary sensory neuron
It then projects to the appropriate region in the sensory cortex

49
Q

Describe the posterior (dorsal) trigeminothalamic tract

A

Mechanoreception (trigeminal nerve)

50
Q

Describe the spinothalamic pathway

A

Nociception (somatic)
Primary goes to spinal cord meeting secondary in dorsal horn, which crosses to the other side of the brain and ends in the thalamus. Tertiary goes from thalamus to sensory cortex

51
Q

Describe the anterior (ventral) trigeminothalamic tract

A

Nociception (trigeminal nerve)

52
Q

Why is the brain image distorted

A

The more sensory neurons that supply an area, the more brain space in the cortex
Areas with high density (small receptive fields) are represented more widely in the cortex
Sensation is recruitment of sensory pathways leading to appreciation of the stimulus

53
Q

What is stereognosis

A

The ability to recognise objects by the feel alone
Requires a 3D mental image and need to compare with previous experiences - memory
Activates dorsal column pathway

54
Q

What is proprioception

A

Appreciating where our body parts are in space without looking

55
Q

Give examples of proprioception

A

Balance in the inner ear - utricle, saccule, semicircular canals, head posture, overall balance
Joint receptors - joint position, angle
Muscle receptors - muscle length tension
Periodontal receptors - tooth contact, bite force

Nerves 1 (4 decks)

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