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IPAP Wallace AP1 > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Caused by irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens

Corrected by a lens that rotates the axis of the light going into the eye

A

Astigmatism

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2
Q

A patient is complaining of ear pain. Using an otoscope you observe that the tympanic membrane is inflammed with opaque fluid build up. You assume a bacterial ear infection. How did the bacteria most likely get there?

A

Eustacian tube

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3
Q

What papillae on the tongue are not taste buds?

A

filiform papillae

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4
Q

Dilation of the pupil is

A

Mydriasis

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5
Q

What impulses to the cerebellum are not consciously percieved.

A

Posture, Balance, and Coordination of skilled movements

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6
Q

The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. What are they?

A

Motor areas, Sensory areas, and Association areas

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7
Q

Loss of transparency of the eye is called

A

Cataract

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8
Q

New blood vessels form in the choroid and leak plasma or blood under the retina.

A

Wet age-related macular disease

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9
Q

Receptor locations:

Near the body surface?

In blood vessels and visceral organs?

In muscles, tendons, and joints?

A

Exteroceptors

Interoceptors

Proprioceptors

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10
Q

The only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus are?

A

Olfactory sensations

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11
Q

Receptor structure and location:

Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin.

A

Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)

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12
Q

The Stapedius muscle dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises. What nerve innervates it?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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13
Q

Vitreous body is made up of what?

A

Water, Hyaluronic acid, and Collagen

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14
Q

Odors that cause an emotion/memory project where?

A

limbic system and the hypothalamus

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15
Q

Deafness due to damage or disease of the sensorineural pathway (hair cells, cochlear branch of CN VIII)

is called

A

Sensorineural deafness

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16
Q

Taste buds are mostly found on the tongue, but some are also found where?

A

Soft palate, Pharynx, and Epiglottis

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17
Q

When the eyeball is too short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens.

Image would be focused behind the retina

Corrected by convex lens

A

Hyperopia

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18
Q

What nerve is responsible for sensation from the throat and epiglottis?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

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19
Q

Loss of elasticity of the lens with age, and the accompanying results, is called?

A

presbyopia

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20
Q

Small generator potentials may not what?

A

generate an action potential

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21
Q

Cold is included in what sense modality?

A

Thermal

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22
Q

What nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior third of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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23
Q

These conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus.

A

Second-order neurons

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24
Q

Abnormal condition where movements are jerky and uncoordinated?

A

Ataxia

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25
Q

Curved transparent coat that covers the iris, and focuses light is?

A

Cornea

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26
Q

What taste threshold is the lowest?

A

Bitter substances

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27
Q

Inflammation or infection of the cornea is

A

Keratitis

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28
Q

Stimuli from the face, mouth, teeth, and eyes propagate along what nerves into the brain stem?

A

Cranial nerves

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29
Q

Precise localization of somatic sensations occurs when nerve impulses arrive at the what?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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30
Q

Examples of tactile sensations are?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

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31
Q

Inflamation of the eyelid is

A

Blepharitis

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32
Q

Consists of bone and cartilage

also called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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33
Q

What muscles move the eye medially and laterally?

A

Medial rectus and Lateral rectus

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34
Q

Highly vascular

Lines most of the internal surface of the sclera

Provides nutrients to the posterior portion of the sclera

A

Choroid

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35
Q

The external ear is seperated from the middle ear by what?

A

Eardrum

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36
Q

Reduced tension of suspensory ligaments allows the lens to take a more spherical shape to use near vision is called?

A

Accommodation

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37
Q

Loss of vision in a normal eye from lack of or poor transmission of visual stimulation during early childhood, or from strabismus, anisometropia, cataract, trauma, ect.

Sometimes called lazy eye

A

Amblyopia

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38
Q

Odorants stimulate what?

A

Olfactory hairs

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39
Q

Endolymph has a large amount of potassium ions. Where is it found?

A

Membranous labyrinth

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40
Q

The angles of the eye are called?

A

commissures

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41
Q

Consists of processes that secrete aqueous humor, and muscles that alter the shape of the lens.

A

Ciliary body

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42
Q

Accessory structures of the eye are? (5)

A

Eyelids (palpebra)

Eyelashes

Eyebrows

Lacrimal apparatus

Extrinsic eye muscles

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43
Q
  • Semicircular canals
  • Vestibule
  • Cochlea

Make up what?

A

Bony labyrinth

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44
Q

What structures in the ear are associated with equilibrium?

A

Saccule

Utricle

Semicircular ducts

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45
Q

Turning outward of the eyes is

A

Exotropia

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46
Q

What structure removes tears from the eye?

A

superior and inferior Lacrimal canals

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47
Q

The smallest skeletal muscle in the body is?

A

Stapedius muscle

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48
Q

The sounds produced by the cochlea that are usually inaudible, but can be amplified by a sensitive microphone next to the eardrum.

Caused by vibrations of the outer hair cells in response to signals from motor neurons and sound waves.

Are called?

A

Otoacoustic emissions

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49
Q

Sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous layer, in mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear are?

A

Somatic sensations

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50
Q

Receptor structure and location:

Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin.

A

Hair root plexuses

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51
Q

What carries tears from the gland into the eye?

A

Excretory lacrimal duct

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52
Q

Receptor type that senses:

physical or chemical damage to tissue (pain)

A

Nociceptors

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53
Q

These conduct impulses from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord.

A

First order neurons

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54
Q

Special sensory receptor cells for certain special senses synapse with first order neurons that are used for hearing, equilibrium, photoreceptors (retina), and gustatory receptors (taste buds).

They are called?

A

Seperate cells

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55
Q

What prevents damage to the eardrum?

A

Tensor tympani muscle

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56
Q

The superior oblique muscle normally causes what eye movement?

A

Down/Out

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57
Q

Hertz is used to measure what?

A

Frequency

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58
Q

Deafness caused by the impairment of mechanisms in the external and middle ear. Sometimes from impacted cerumen, eardrum injury, stiffening of the joints of auditory ossicles.

Is called?

A

Conduction deafness

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59
Q

Receptor type that senses:

osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

Osmoreceptors

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60
Q

The inferior oblique normally causes what eye movement?

A

Up/Out

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61
Q

What muscles move the eye in a plane? (mostly)

A

Rectus muscles

62
Q

When the eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea

The image is focused in front of the retina

corrected by a concave lens

A

Myopia

63
Q

What eye muscles preserve the rotational stability of the eye?

A

Oblique muscles

64
Q

Dr. Vanhammot is trying to type, and his hands won’t stop shaking. This could be what?

A

Intention tremor

65
Q

Lacrimal fluid contains what?

A

water, salts, mucus, and lysozyme

66
Q

The middle ear is seperated from the inner ear by what?

A

The oval window and the round window

67
Q

Sensations of the face, mouth, and teeth travel along what pathway?

A

Trigeminothalamic pathway

68
Q

Instrument used to measure intraocular pressure

A

Tonometer

69
Q

Sits behind the pupil, and consists of proteins called crystallins that are arranged like the layers of an onion and enclosed in a capsule.

It is transparent and lacks blood vessels, and is the variably refractive medium of the eye

A

Lens

70
Q

Area of reduced or lost vision in the visual field is

A

Scotoma

71
Q

Gustation produces what type of potential?

A

Receptor

72
Q

Functions of the palpebrae are?

A

Shade eyes during sleep

Protection

Spread lubrication secretions

73
Q

Cranial nerve VII (facial) is responsible for sensation of what portion of taste?

A

anterior two-thirds of the tongue

74
Q

Receptor structure and location:

Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites; present in dermis and subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, and some viscera.

A

Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

75
Q

When the eyes move medially focusing on an object moving closer it is called?

A

Convergence

76
Q

Special senses include what? (5)

A

Smell

Taste

Vision

Hearing

Equilibrium

77
Q

What structure moves tears into the nasal cavity?

A

Nasolacrimal ducts

78
Q

The dendrites of free, encapsulated, and olfactory receptors produce what?

A

Generator potentials

79
Q

The right and left primary auditory areas recieve nerve impulses from both ears. how?

A

Many auditory axons decussate in the medulla

80
Q

Covers the eye, except for the cornea

Gives shape to the eye

Adds rigidity

Protects the inner parts of the eye

A

Sclera

81
Q

Equilibrium that is the maintenance of the position of the body (mainly the head) relative to the force of gravity is called?

Primary structure: Otolithic membrane

A

Static equilibrium

82
Q

Vallate, Fungiform, and Foliate are all types of what?

A

Taste buds

83
Q

Perilymph is chemically similiar to cerebrospinal fluid. Where is it found?

A

Bony labyrinth

84
Q

Receptor type that senses:

chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

85
Q

Area of the eye that contains no rods or cones, and is called the blind spot is?

A

Optic disc

86
Q

What area regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the the pupil?

A

the Iris

87
Q

Decussation is associated with what neurons?

A

Second-order neurons

88
Q

Excessive growth of the subconjuctival tissue that eventually turns the cornea opaque

Serious form of conjunctivitis, and the greatest single cause of blindness in the world caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is?

A

Trachoma

89
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex are?

A

Third-order

90
Q

The conscious or subconcious awareness of external or internal stimuli

A

Sensation

91
Q

The area of the eye with the highest visual acuity is?

A

Central fovea

92
Q

Axons of the cochlear branch synapse with neurons where?

A

In the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata

93
Q

Age-related macular disease type that is untreatable?

A

Dry - from degeneration of the pigmented layer

94
Q

Taste, sight, hearing and equilibrium produce receptor potentials that trigger release of neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft. This produces what?

A

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) in the first-order neuron

95
Q

From the inferior colliculus the auditory nerve impulses convey through the _____ ______ nucleus of the thalamus, then to the ______ ______ area of the cerebral cortex.

A

Medial geniculate

Primary auditory

96
Q

High intraocular pressure from the impaired drainage of aqueous humor is

A

Glaucoma

97
Q

Hyperacusia is associated with the paralysis of the stapedius muscle. What does hyperacusia mean?

A

Abnormally sensitive hearing

98
Q

Degenerative disorder of the retina and the pigmented layer is called?

A

Age-related macular disease (AMD)

99
Q

Tumor from immature retinal cells

A

Retinoblastoma

100
Q

Imbalance in the extrinsic eye muscles resulting in the misalignment of one eye is?

A

Strabismus

101
Q

Receptor type that senses:

light that strikes the retina

A

Photoreceptors

102
Q

The Tensor tympani muscle is innervated by what nerve?

A

The Trigeminal nerve

103
Q

The perception of a sensation may fade or disappear, even though the true magnitude of the stimulus has not changed because of what?

A

Adaptation

104
Q

Total lack of ability to smell is?

A

Anosmia

105
Q

When the eye is fully adducted, what muscles move its gaze up and down?

A

Superior and inferior oblique

106
Q

Vision that enable you to percieve depth is?

A

Binocular vision

107
Q

Equilibrium that is the maintenance of body position (mainly the head) in response to sudden movements.

Primary structure: cristae (ampullaris of semicircular canals)

A

Dynamic equilibrium

108
Q

What eye muscles aren’t stimulated by CN III?

A

Lateral rectus CN VI

Superior Oblique CN IV

109
Q

Proprioception is carried to the cerebral cortex by what nerve pathway? What pathway carries proprioception for the lower limb to the cerebellum?

A

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

Anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract

110
Q

Bare dendrites with no structural specialization microscopically that sense pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch are?

A

Free nerve endings

111
Q

Falling or drooping of the eyelid

A

Ptosis

112
Q

How does nasal congestion from a cold affect the taste of food? Why?

A

Taste and smell work together, so because you cannot smell food doesn’t taste as good.

113
Q

Olfaction produces what kind of potential?

A

Generator potential

114
Q

The combination of taste plus odor is?

A

Flavor

115
Q

Normal conversation is at what amplitude?

A

60dB

116
Q

Regarding a specific chemical, is gustation or olfaction more sensitive?

A

Olfaction is more sensitive than taste to the same chemical

117
Q

What carries nerve impulses for:

  • Pain, thermal, tickle, and itch sensations
  • Some impulses for crude, poorly localized touch and pressure
  • Vibration (also carried by posterior column-medial lemniscus)
A

Spinothalamic pathway

118
Q

What are the modalities of general senses?

A

Tactile sensations

Thermal sensations

Pain sensations

Proprioceptive sensations

Dynamic sensations

119
Q

Dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that enhances sensitivity/specificity, and senses pressure and vibration (lamellated), and some touch (meisner).

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

120
Q

Abnormal visual intolerance to light is

A

photophobia

121
Q

Receptor structure and location:

Saucer-shaped free nerve endings make contact with Merkel cells in epidermis.

A

Merkel (tactile) discs (type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors)

122
Q

Contributes to intraocular pressure

Contains phagocytic cells that remove debris and provide an unobstructed view

Jelly like substance

A

Vitreous body

123
Q

Rapid involuntary movement of the eye is?

A

Nystagmus

124
Q

What tract deals with proprioceptive information supplied by Golgi tendon organs, for the coordinated movement and posture of the entire lower limb?

A

Anterior/Ventral spinocerebellar tract

125
Q

The visual pathway from the optic nerve to the primary visual area of the cortex.

A

Optic nerve>> Optic chiasm>> Optic tract>> Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus>> Optic radiations>> Primary visual area of the cortex

126
Q

Axons from the cochlear nuclei end in the superior olivary nucleus in the ____ on each side. These then ascend in the lateral lemniscus tracts, and end in the ______ ______.

A

Pons

Inferior colliculi

127
Q

What helps regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles?

A

Basal Ganglia

128
Q

The space between the eyelids is called?

A

palpebral fissure

129
Q

The third, and inner coat of the eyeball

lines the posterior 3/4 of the eyeball

Only place where blood vessels can be viewed directly

A

Retina

130
Q

Unique type of sensation: touch, pain, vision, hearing

Divided into two classes:

General and Special

A

Sensory modalities

131
Q

Perception is associated with what part of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

132
Q

The Iris, Choroid, and Ciliary body make up the middle layer of the eye. AKA?

A

Vascular Tunic

133
Q

a reduced ability to smell is?

A

hyposmia

134
Q

What equalizes the pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere?

A

Eustachian tube

135
Q

Major motor pathways concerned with voluntary movement, especially precise or skilled movements are?

A

Pyramidal tracts

136
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus (hammer)

Incus (anvil)

Stapes (stirrup)

137
Q

Receptor type that senses:

changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

138
Q

Some axons from the cochlear nuclei decussate in the medulla and ascend on the opposite side in what? and where do they terminate?

A

Ascend in the Lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain

139
Q

Receptor type that senses:

Mechanical pressure, touch sensations, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

A

Mechanoreceptors

140
Q

Constriction of the pupil is called

A

Miosis

141
Q

When the eye is fully abducted, What muscles move its gaze up and down?

A

Superior and inferior rectus muscles

142
Q

Fine touch, Stereognosis, Graphesthesia, Proprioception, and Vibratory sensations are all sensations of what?

A

the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

143
Q

What neurons only carry information from the opposite side of the body?

A

Third-order neurons

144
Q

What area gives rise to the conscious perception of taste?

A

The primary gustatory area (in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex)

145
Q

70% of the receptors in the body are located where?

A

eyes

146
Q

Receptor structure and location:

Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments and tendon.

A

Ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous)

147
Q

A decrease in the generator potential or receptor potential amplitude when exposed to a stimulus that is applied at a constant level over a reasonably long term is?

A

Adaptation

148
Q

The axon from the olfactory receptor ends where?

A

in the olfactory bulb

149
Q

When you smell and taste a pizza you’re using what type of senses?

A

Chemical senses

150
Q

The conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations

A

Perception

IPAP Wallace AP1 (1 decks)

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