Senses Flashcards
Caused by irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens
Corrected by a lens that rotates the axis of the light going into the eye
Astigmatism
A patient is complaining of ear pain. Using an otoscope you observe that the tympanic membrane is inflammed with opaque fluid build up. You assume a bacterial ear infection. How did the bacteria most likely get there?
Eustacian tube
What papillae on the tongue are not taste buds?
filiform papillae
Dilation of the pupil is
Mydriasis
What impulses to the cerebellum are not consciously percieved.
Posture, Balance, and Coordination of skilled movements
The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. What are they?
Motor areas, Sensory areas, and Association areas
Loss of transparency of the eye is called
Cataract
New blood vessels form in the choroid and leak plasma or blood under the retina.
Wet age-related macular disease
Receptor locations:
Near the body surface?
In blood vessels and visceral organs?
In muscles, tendons, and joints?
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors
The only sensations that reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus are?
Olfactory sensations
Receptor structure and location:
Capsule surrounds mass of dendrites in dermal papillae of hairless skin.
Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)
The Stapedius muscle dampens large vibrations of the stapes due to loud noises. What nerve innervates it?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vitreous body is made up of what?
Water, Hyaluronic acid, and Collagen
Odors that cause an emotion/memory project where?
limbic system and the hypothalamus
Deafness due to damage or disease of the sensorineural pathway (hair cells, cochlear branch of CN VIII)
is called
Sensorineural deafness
Taste buds are mostly found on the tongue, but some are also found where?
Soft palate, Pharynx, and Epiglottis
When the eyeball is too short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens.
Image would be focused behind the retina
Corrected by convex lens
Hyperopia
What nerve is responsible for sensation from the throat and epiglottis?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Loss of elasticity of the lens with age, and the accompanying results, is called?
presbyopia
Small generator potentials may not what?
generate an action potential
Cold is included in what sense modality?
Thermal
What nerve is responsible for taste from the posterior third of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
These conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus.
Second-order neurons
Abnormal condition where movements are jerky and uncoordinated?
Ataxia
Curved transparent coat that covers the iris, and focuses light is?
Cornea
What taste threshold is the lowest?
Bitter substances
Inflammation or infection of the cornea is
Keratitis
Stimuli from the face, mouth, teeth, and eyes propagate along what nerves into the brain stem?
Cranial nerves
Precise localization of somatic sensations occurs when nerve impulses arrive at the what?
Primary somatosensory cortex
Examples of tactile sensations are?
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
Inflamation of the eyelid is
Blepharitis
Consists of bone and cartilage
also called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube
What muscles move the eye medially and laterally?
Medial rectus and Lateral rectus
Highly vascular
Lines most of the internal surface of the sclera
Provides nutrients to the posterior portion of the sclera
Choroid
The external ear is seperated from the middle ear by what?
Eardrum
Reduced tension of suspensory ligaments allows the lens to take a more spherical shape to use near vision is called?
Accommodation
Loss of vision in a normal eye from lack of or poor transmission of visual stimulation during early childhood, or from strabismus, anisometropia, cataract, trauma, ect.
Sometimes called lazy eye
Amblyopia
Odorants stimulate what?
Olfactory hairs
Endolymph has a large amount of potassium ions. Where is it found?
Membranous labyrinth
The angles of the eye are called?
commissures
Consists of processes that secrete aqueous humor, and muscles that alter the shape of the lens.
Ciliary body
Accessory structures of the eye are? (5)
Eyelids (palpebra)
Eyelashes
Eyebrows
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
- Semicircular canals
- Vestibule
- Cochlea
Make up what?
Bony labyrinth
What structures in the ear are associated with equilibrium?
Saccule
Utricle
Semicircular ducts
Turning outward of the eyes is
Exotropia
What structure removes tears from the eye?
superior and inferior Lacrimal canals
The smallest skeletal muscle in the body is?
Stapedius muscle
The sounds produced by the cochlea that are usually inaudible, but can be amplified by a sensitive microphone next to the eardrum.
Caused by vibrations of the outer hair cells in response to signals from motor neurons and sound waves.
Are called?
Otoacoustic emissions
Sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous layer, in mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear are?
Somatic sensations
Receptor structure and location:
Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles in skin.
Hair root plexuses
What carries tears from the gland into the eye?
Excretory lacrimal duct
Receptor type that senses:
physical or chemical damage to tissue (pain)
Nociceptors
These conduct impulses from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord.
First order neurons
Special sensory receptor cells for certain special senses synapse with first order neurons that are used for hearing, equilibrium, photoreceptors (retina), and gustatory receptors (taste buds).
They are called?
Seperate cells
What prevents damage to the eardrum?
Tensor tympani muscle
The superior oblique muscle normally causes what eye movement?
Down/Out
Hertz is used to measure what?
Frequency
Deafness caused by the impairment of mechanisms in the external and middle ear. Sometimes from impacted cerumen, eardrum injury, stiffening of the joints of auditory ossicles.
Is called?
Conduction deafness
Receptor type that senses:
osmotic pressure of body fluids
Osmoreceptors
The inferior oblique normally causes what eye movement?
Up/Out
What muscles move the eye in a plane? (mostly)
Rectus muscles
When the eyeball is too long relative to the focusing power of the cornea
The image is focused in front of the retina
corrected by a concave lens
Myopia
What eye muscles preserve the rotational stability of the eye?
Oblique muscles
Dr. Vanhammot is trying to type, and his hands won’t stop shaking. This could be what?
Intention tremor
Lacrimal fluid contains what?
water, salts, mucus, and lysozyme
The middle ear is seperated from the inner ear by what?
The oval window and the round window
Sensations of the face, mouth, and teeth travel along what pathway?
Trigeminothalamic pathway
Instrument used to measure intraocular pressure
Tonometer
Sits behind the pupil, and consists of proteins called crystallins that are arranged like the layers of an onion and enclosed in a capsule.
It is transparent and lacks blood vessels, and is the variably refractive medium of the eye
Lens
Area of reduced or lost vision in the visual field is
Scotoma
Gustation produces what type of potential?
Receptor
Functions of the palpebrae are?
Shade eyes during sleep
Protection
Spread lubrication secretions
Cranial nerve VII (facial) is responsible for sensation of what portion of taste?
anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Receptor structure and location:
Oval, layered capsule surrounds dendrites; present in dermis and subcutaneous layer, submucosal tissues, joints, periosteum, and some viscera.
Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles
When the eyes move medially focusing on an object moving closer it is called?
Convergence
Special senses include what? (5)
Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium
What structure moves tears into the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal ducts
The dendrites of free, encapsulated, and olfactory receptors produce what?
Generator potentials
The right and left primary auditory areas recieve nerve impulses from both ears. how?
Many auditory axons decussate in the medulla
Covers the eye, except for the cornea
Gives shape to the eye
Adds rigidity
Protects the inner parts of the eye
Sclera
Equilibrium that is the maintenance of the position of the body (mainly the head) relative to the force of gravity is called?
Primary structure: Otolithic membrane
Static equilibrium
Vallate, Fungiform, and Foliate are all types of what?
Taste buds
Perilymph is chemically similiar to cerebrospinal fluid. Where is it found?
Bony labyrinth
Receptor type that senses:
chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids
Chemoreceptors
Area of the eye that contains no rods or cones, and is called the blind spot is?
Optic disc
What area regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the the pupil?
the Iris
Decussation is associated with what neurons?
Second-order neurons
Excessive growth of the subconjuctival tissue that eventually turns the cornea opaque
Serious form of conjunctivitis, and the greatest single cause of blindness in the world caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is?
Trachoma
Neurons that conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex are?
Third-order
The conscious or subconcious awareness of external or internal stimuli
Sensation
The area of the eye with the highest visual acuity is?
Central fovea
Axons of the cochlear branch synapse with neurons where?
In the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata
Age-related macular disease type that is untreatable?
Dry - from degeneration of the pigmented layer
Taste, sight, hearing and equilibrium produce receptor potentials that trigger release of neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft. This produces what?
Postsynaptic potential (PSP) in the first-order neuron
From the inferior colliculus the auditory nerve impulses convey through the _____ ______ nucleus of the thalamus, then to the ______ ______ area of the cerebral cortex.
Medial geniculate
Primary auditory
High intraocular pressure from the impaired drainage of aqueous humor is
Glaucoma
Hyperacusia is associated with the paralysis of the stapedius muscle. What does hyperacusia mean?
Abnormally sensitive hearing
Degenerative disorder of the retina and the pigmented layer is called?
Age-related macular disease (AMD)
Tumor from immature retinal cells
Retinoblastoma
Imbalance in the extrinsic eye muscles resulting in the misalignment of one eye is?
Strabismus
Receptor type that senses:
light that strikes the retina
Photoreceptors
The Tensor tympani muscle is innervated by what nerve?
The Trigeminal nerve
The perception of a sensation may fade or disappear, even though the true magnitude of the stimulus has not changed because of what?
Adaptation
Total lack of ability to smell is?
Anosmia
When the eye is fully adducted, what muscles move its gaze up and down?
Superior and inferior oblique
Vision that enable you to percieve depth is?
Binocular vision
Equilibrium that is the maintenance of body position (mainly the head) in response to sudden movements.
Primary structure: cristae (ampullaris of semicircular canals)
Dynamic equilibrium
What eye muscles aren’t stimulated by CN III?
Lateral rectus CN VI
Superior Oblique CN IV
Proprioception is carried to the cerebral cortex by what nerve pathway? What pathway carries proprioception for the lower limb to the cerebellum?
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Anterior/ventral spinocerebellar tract
Bare dendrites with no structural specialization microscopically that sense pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch are?
Free nerve endings
Falling or drooping of the eyelid
Ptosis
How does nasal congestion from a cold affect the taste of food? Why?
Taste and smell work together, so because you cannot smell food doesn’t taste as good.
Olfaction produces what kind of potential?
Generator potential
The combination of taste plus odor is?
Flavor
Normal conversation is at what amplitude?
60dB
Regarding a specific chemical, is gustation or olfaction more sensitive?
Olfaction is more sensitive than taste to the same chemical
What carries nerve impulses for:
- Pain, thermal, tickle, and itch sensations
- Some impulses for crude, poorly localized touch and pressure
- Vibration (also carried by posterior column-medial lemniscus)
Spinothalamic pathway
What are the modalities of general senses?
Tactile sensations
Thermal sensations
Pain sensations
Proprioceptive sensations
Dynamic sensations
Dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that enhances sensitivity/specificity, and senses pressure and vibration (lamellated), and some touch (meisner).
Encapsulated nerve endings
Abnormal visual intolerance to light is
photophobia
Receptor structure and location:
Saucer-shaped free nerve endings make contact with Merkel cells in epidermis.
Merkel (tactile) discs (type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
Contributes to intraocular pressure
Contains phagocytic cells that remove debris and provide an unobstructed view
Jelly like substance
Vitreous body
Rapid involuntary movement of the eye is?
Nystagmus
What tract deals with proprioceptive information supplied by Golgi tendon organs, for the coordinated movement and posture of the entire lower limb?
Anterior/Ventral spinocerebellar tract
The visual pathway from the optic nerve to the primary visual area of the cortex.
Optic nerve>> Optic chiasm>> Optic tract>> Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus>> Optic radiations>> Primary visual area of the cortex
Axons from the cochlear nuclei end in the superior olivary nucleus in the ____ on each side. These then ascend in the lateral lemniscus tracts, and end in the ______ ______.
Pons
Inferior colliculi
What helps regulate initiation and termination of movements, and control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles?
Basal Ganglia
The space between the eyelids is called?
palpebral fissure
The third, and inner coat of the eyeball
lines the posterior 3/4 of the eyeball
Only place where blood vessels can be viewed directly
Retina
Unique type of sensation: touch, pain, vision, hearing
Divided into two classes:
General and Special
Sensory modalities
Perception is associated with what part of the brain?
Cerebral cortex
The Iris, Choroid, and Ciliary body make up the middle layer of the eye. AKA?
Vascular Tunic
a reduced ability to smell is?
hyposmia
What equalizes the pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere?
Eustachian tube
Major motor pathways concerned with voluntary movement, especially precise or skilled movements are?
Pyramidal tracts
What are the three auditory ossicles?
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
Receptor type that senses:
changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
Some axons from the cochlear nuclei decussate in the medulla and ascend on the opposite side in what? and where do they terminate?
Ascend in the Lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain
Receptor type that senses:
Mechanical pressure, touch sensations, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, stretching of blood vessels and internal organs
Mechanoreceptors
Constriction of the pupil is called
Miosis
When the eye is fully abducted, What muscles move its gaze up and down?
Superior and inferior rectus muscles
Fine touch, Stereognosis, Graphesthesia, Proprioception, and Vibratory sensations are all sensations of what?
the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
What neurons only carry information from the opposite side of the body?
Third-order neurons
What area gives rise to the conscious perception of taste?
The primary gustatory area (in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex)
70% of the receptors in the body are located where?
eyes
Receptor structure and location:
Elongated capsule surrounds dendrites deep in dermis and in ligaments and tendon.
Ruffini corpuscles (type II cutaneous)
A decrease in the generator potential or receptor potential amplitude when exposed to a stimulus that is applied at a constant level over a reasonably long term is?
Adaptation
The axon from the olfactory receptor ends where?
in the olfactory bulb
When you smell and taste a pizza you’re using what type of senses?
Chemical senses
The conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations
Perception
