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Biological and Cognitive Foundations Final > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is Audition?

A

Sound: pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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2
Q

What are the 4 major features of sound waves?

A

Waveform: Amplitude plotted against time

Phase

Amplitude: Usually in decibles. Loudness

Frequency: Expressed in Hertz. Pitch

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3
Q

What is molecular condensation?

A

It is also know as compression and it represents the displacement of molecules closer together

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4
Q

What is rarefaction

A

The displacement of molecules further apart

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5
Q

What are the 3 perceptual dimensions of sound?

A

Pitch: Determined by frequency

Loudness: Determined by amplitude and is a function of intensity

Timbre: Determined by the complexity of the sound. For example, the complexity expressed by different musical instruments

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6
Q

How do sound waves get transformed into neural activity?

A
  1. External and Middle Ears: The ears collect the sound waves and amplify the pressure to transmit to the inner ear, turning it from air to fluid.
  2. Inner ear: Once in the inner ear, the signal gets broken into simpler components. The hair cells transduce the frequency, amplitude and phase. Then, the auditory nerve fibers encode the electrical activity.
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7
Q

What is the pinna?

A

Part of the outer ear. It collects and alters the reflection of sound waves into the middle ear. It also helps locate the source of a sound.

Other parts of the outer ear include the concha and the auditory meatus (ear canal)

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8
Q

What structures are in the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Oval Window

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9
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do?

A

Vibrates at the same rate when struck by sound waves and is connected to teh ossicles

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10
Q

What are the ossicles and what do they do?

A

The ossicles transform waves into stronger waves
The 1st is the malleus “hammer”
The 2nd is the incus “anvil”
The 3rd is the stapes “stirrup”

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11
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Damage to the external inner, or middle ear

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12
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Damage to the inner ear

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13
Q

What is impendance matching?

A

Matching of airborne sounds to acoustic waves traveling in fluid of inner ear. This boosts the pressure from the big tempanic membrane through the small oval window. Then the ossicles perform a lever action.

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14
Q

What is the oval window?

A

A membrane of the inner ear

The stapes presses against it to transmit sound waves into the viscous fluid within the cochlea

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15
Q

What structures are in the inner ear?

A

Cochlea

Organ of Corti

Scala vestibuli, tympani, & media

Basilar Membrane

Tectorial Membrane

Hair cell

Round Window

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16
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

It is a snail shaped structure that contains auditory transducing mechanisms. It amplifies sound waves and converts them to neural signals. It also decomposes complex waveforms

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17
Q

What is the Organ of Corti?

A

It is the receptive organ of the cochlea. It sits on the basilar membrane and contains auditory hair cells. It is the transducer

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18
Q

What are the scala vestibuli, the tympani, & the media?

A

They are the fluid filled chambers of the cochlea

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19
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

It is a membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that contains the Organ of Corti

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20
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

It is located above the basilar membrane and serves as a shelf against which cilia move

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21
Q

What is an auditory hair cell?

A

It is a receptive cell that lies between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane in the cochlea. When hair cells become displaced by vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea, they excite the cells of the auditory nerve.

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22
Q

What is the round window?

A

An opening of the bone in the cochlea. It vibrates in the opposite phase to the vibrations entering the inner ear. It permits vibrations that are transmitted through the fluid in teh cochlea.

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23
Q

How does the basilar membrane tune frequency?

A

The physical characteristics of the basilar membrane help to tune the frequency. The wider, more flexible part is at the end, making for a lower sound. The base is more narrow and stiff, making for a higher sound

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24
Q

How does sound travel in the inner ear?

A

The stapes vibrates against the membrane of the oval window, which makes sound waves to the cochlea

Vibrations cause the basilar membrane to flex

Pressure changes in the fluid underneath the basilar membrane are transmitted to the membrane of the round window

The round window moves in and out - opposite of the oval window. As the stapes pushes in, the round window bulges out

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25
Q

What is cilium

A

Hair-like appendages of the cell involved in movement or sensory transduction

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26
Q

What is the tip link?

A

An elastic filament that attaches to the tip of one cilium to the side of an adjacent cilium

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27
Q

What is an insertional plaque

A

Point of attachment of a tip link to cilium

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

What are the properties of cochlear hair cells?

A

There is one row of inner cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells

The inner hair cells are sensory receptors and represent 95% of the fibers of the auditory nerve

The outer hair cells the sites of termination from efferent axons from the superior olive

Nerve deafness or inner-ear deafness is a result of damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve. Only deaf to some frequencies.

30
Q

What is the auditory pathway?

A

Organ of Corti stimulates the cochlear nerve, which excite cell bodies in the cochlear nerve ganglion. EPSP’s trigger action potentions in the auditory nerve axons. From there, they synapse with neurons in the medulla.

31
Q

Where are the efferent axons of the cochlear nerve

A

They are discribed as the olivocochlear bundle and start in the superior olivary complex in the medulla

32
Q

Where are the afferent axons of the cochlear nerve?

A

They synapse in the cochlear nucleus of the medulla

33
Q

What is the cochlear nerve?

A

A branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain

34
Q

What is the olivocochlear bundle?

A

A bundle of efferent axons traveling from the olivary complex of the medulla to synapse directly on the outer hair cells and on teh dendrites of the inner hair cells

35
Q

What is the cochlear nucleus?

A

It resides in the medulla and receives auditory information from the cochlea

36
Q

What is the superior olivary complex?

A

It resides in the medulla. It is involved with auditory functions including the localization of a sound source

37
Q

What is the lateral lemniscus?

A

A band of fibers running rostrally through the medulla and the pons.

It carries fibers of the auditory system to the inferior colliculus

38
Q

How is the auditory cortex represented?

A

Tonotopically. Similar to the topographic representation across other senses, the auditory cortex maps different frequencies of sound.

39
Q

What and where is the “what” pathway of the auditory system?

A

It is in the anterior part of the auditory cortex. It i smodulated by emotions.

40
Q

Where is the “where” pathway of the auditory system?

A

It is in the posterior portion of the auditory cortex and overlaps with the visual system’s “where” pathway in the parietal lobe

41
Q

What are the four mechanisms of sound?

A

Sound shadow: created by high-frequency sounds. Thsi makes sound louder to the closer ear

Difference in time of arrival: the ears receive sound at different times. This is the most useful for localizing sounds with sudden onset.

Phase difference: Provides cues to sound location for sounds with frequencies up to 1500 Hz

Analysis of timbre: Determines the height of the sound source

42
Q

What is the function of the vestibular system?

A

Balance, maintenance of head in upright position, adjustment of eye movement to compensate for head movements.

43
Q

Describe the component, vestibular sacs.

A

Two receptor organs in each inner ear that detect changes in tilt of head. The organs are teh saccule and the utricle. They respond to the force of gravity

44
Q

Describe the component, semicircular canals

A

They are three ring-like structures that detect changes in head rotation. They respond to changes in head position and acceleration

45
Q

What are the three components of labyrinth of the inner ear?

A
  1. cochlea
  2. vestibular sacs
  3. semicircular canals
46
Q

Describe the vestibular pathway

A
  • The vestibular ganglion house the cell bodies of afferent axons of the vestibular nerve (most synapse in the medulla, but some travel to the cerebellum)
  • The vestibular nuclei send the info to the cerebellum, the spinal cord, the medulla and the pons (nausea and vomiting), and maybe the temporal cortex
47
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

The vestibular system exerts control on eye movements to compensate for sudden head movements

48
Q

Name and describe the somatosenses

A

The somatosenses transduce, encode, and perceive information.

Some of these include the cutaneous sense, which responds to touch; proprioception, which perceives body position; kinesthesia, which perceives the body’s own movement; and organic senses, which are sensitive to stimuli around the organs

49
Q

Describe glabrous skin

A

Skin that does not contain hair

Found on palms and soles of feet

50
Q

What is the ruffini corpuscle?

A

Vibration-sensitive organ located in hairy skin

51
Q

What is the pacinian corpuscle

A

It is a specialized, encapsulated nerve ending that detects mechanical stimuli

52
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

It is touch-sensitive and located in papillae. It transduces low frequency vibrations when things move across skin

53
Q

What is Merkel’s disk?

A

It is touch sensitive and found at the base of the epidermis

Sensitive to points and edges

54
Q

What are some cutaneous stimuli?

A

Touch

Temperature

Pain

Itch

55
Q

What are the two types of pain receptors?

A

Að group-myelinated axon-faster-responds to dangerously intense stimuli

C fiber group-unmyelinated-slower-tissue damage, mechanical, chemical

56
Q

What are the two types of itch?

A

histamine & cowhage-induced

57
Q

What are the two somatosensory pathways and what do they carry?

A

Dorsal columns/medial lemniscus tract: carries precise information, fine touch

Anterolateral system (spinothalamic tract): carries imprecise information including pain and temperature

58
Q

What is the nucleus raphe magnus?

A

It contains serotonin-secreting neurons that project into the dorsal gray matter of the spinal cord. It is involved in the analgesia produced by opiates

59
Q

What does the periaqueductal gray matter release?

A

endogenous opioids. Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter and rostroventral medulla can cause analgesia

60
Q

What are the three components of pain?

A

Sensory

Immediate emotional consequence

Long-term emotional implications

61
Q

What is the sensory pathway of pain?

A

Information goes from the spinal cord to the ventral posterolateral cortex

62
Q

What is the emotional pathway of pain?

A

Information goes to the anterior cingulate cortex

63
Q

What are the six qualities of taste?

A

Bitter

Sour

Sweet

Salty

Umami

Fat

64
Q

How does taste information travel to the brain?

A

Information from the posterior part of the tongue travels the 9th and 10th cranial nerve to palate and epiglotis.

65
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

Epithelial tissue of the nasal sinus that covers the cribriform plate and contains cilia of olfactory receptors

66
Q

What is the olfactory bulb?

A

A protrusion at the end of the olfactory tract. It receives input from the olfactory receptors. Only place, other than the hippocampus that shows neurogenesis in adulthood

67
Q

What is the Mitral cell?

A

Neuron located in the olfactory bulb that receives information from olfactory receptors. This cell’s axons brings info to the rest of the brain

68
Q

What is the olfactory glomerulus?

A

A bundle of mitral cell dendrites and associated terminal buttons of olfactory receptor axons

69
Q

How does scent travel to the brain?

A
  • Receptors in olfactory epithelium send a process toward the mucosa, which divide into 10-20 cilia that penetrate the mucuus.
  • Odorous molecules dissolve in the muscus and stimulate receptor molecules.
  • Axons enter through the cribriform plate
  • Olfactory bulbs receive a single axon from each receptor cell, forming synapses with Mitral cells, which travel to the rest of the brain through olfactory tracts
70
Q

Where do the olfactory tracts lead?

A

The projections onto the amygdala and piriform cortex travel to the hypothalamus

The projection to the entorhinal cortex travels to the hippocampus

71
Q

How are we able to smell so many different odors with such few receptors?

A

Because each glomerulus receives information from 2000 receptor cells. Different odorants produce different patterns of activity in the different glomeruli

Biological and Cognitive Foundations Final (5 decks)

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